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Social Studies
Final Exam
Review Guide
#1
DIRECTIONS:
1. Read the notes in the left-hand column and
answer the multiple choice questions.
2. Highlight any information used to answer the
questions
3. You will receive a summative grade for your
review guides.
4. DO NOT LOSE THIS GUIDE
Geography
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There are many important river systems in the US examples being the
Mississippi River, the Missouri River, the Ohio River, the Colorado
River, & the Hudson River
The US possesses 2 major mountain ranges the Appalachians in the
East & the Rocky mountains in the West
The US capital is located in Washington D.C. North Carolina’s capital
is Raleigh.
There are three major geographic regions in North Carolina: the
Coastal Plain, The Piedmont and the Appalachian Mountains
Raleigh is found in the Piedmont. The Outer Banks historically
limited the amount of usable coastline (when compared to other
colonies) and prevented the development of large port cities.
High Point, NC, was an early center of the furniture industry in the
south and was conveniently located near railroads, forests and a labor
force.
NATIVE AMERICANS – America’s First Inhabitants
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Geographers study the interaction between people, their
environments, and their resources
Historians study what has happened in the lives of different
people in our past
The five themes of geography help to illustrate the relationship
between geography and history. One theme—humanenvironment interaction explains how humans affect are affected
by their environment.
Archeologists are individuals who study the past by examining
artifacts
Some examples of artifacts which archeologists study are
arrowheads, pottery, tools, and buried animal bones
Longitude and latitude help to determine absolute or exact
location of places on the earth.
Latitude lines measure North and South distances from the
equator
The equator is an imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude
___________ 1. Which of the following cities is incorrectly
matched with its region of North Carolina?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wilmington  Coastal Plain
Raleigh  Piedmont
Charlotte  Coastal Plain
Asheville  Mountains
___________ 2. How did the physical characteristics of the
Outer Banks of North Carolina affect its early colonial
development?
A. They presented a barrier against storms
B. They prevented the development of large port cities
C. They provided more usable coastline than the other
colonies
D. They allowed for open and easy transport for the
shipping industry
___________ 3. With which field of study are the terms artifact,
carbon dating, and dig site associated?
(1) archeology
(2) economics
(3) civics
(4) sociology
___________ 4. Which statement provides evidence that Native
Americans adapted to their environment?
1. The Pueblos developed an irrigation system for
farming
2. The many tribes of the Great Plains spoke different
languages
3. The Maya made great advancements in Mathematics
4. The Delaware used oral history to preserve their
traditions
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Longitude lines measure East and West distances from the Prime
Meridian
The Prime Meridian lies at 0 degrees longitude
A people’s way of life can be defined as their culture
The Incan civilization was located high in the Andes Mountains
in South America
The Aztec people were located in central Mexico with their
capital city of Tenochtitlan; The Maya were located in Central
America from Mexico to Nicaragua (Mesoamerican cultures).
Many scientists believe that the first people arrived in the
Americas by crossing a land bridge from Siberia in Asia
Native Americans developed different cultures based upon where
the settled in the Americas
Native Americans kept their history alive by storytelling to future
generations, this is known as an oral tradition
The buffalo provided the food, shelter, and clothing for the
hunter’s of the Great Plains.
Native-Americans were polytheistic, which means that they
believed in many gods
The Iroquois of New York were perhaps the strongest of the
Eastern Woodland tribes
Native Americans had a strong respect for nature and for land,
which they believed could not be sold or owned
The three largest Native American tribes of North Carolina prior
to European settlement were the Tuscarora (Coast Plain),
Catawba (Piedmont) and Cherokee (Mountains).
Examples of how Native Americans adapted to their
environment include the foods they ate, the homes in which they
lived, and the clothes they wore.
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION – “The Americas, who put
that there?”
Mercantilism is when a country attempts to amass wealth through
trade, specifically by utilizing colonies for raw goods and markets.
In order to increase trade profits Europeans looked for new sea
routes to Asia
___________5. The most widely accepted theory of the earliest
human migration to the Americas is that people
(1) crossed the polar ice cap from Norway to
northern Canada
(2) walked across a land bridge from Asia to
Alaska
(3) used seagoing vessels to sail from Africa to
Central America
(4) traveled in rafts and small boats from Pacific
islands to South America
___________ 6. One way in which the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas
were similar is that they
(1) traveled to the Western Hemisphere from Africa
(2) had developed advanced civilizations before
the arrival of Columbus
(3) settled in the desert of the southwestern United States
(4) left no evidence to help us understand their cultures
____________ 7. The buffalo was the primary source of food,
shelter, clothing, and tools for Native American
Indians of the
(1) Southeast
(2) Pacific Coast
(3) Eastern woodlands
(4) Great Plains
______________ 8. The belief that colonies exist to benefit the
economy of the mother country is known as
(1) triangular trade
(2) mercantilism
(3) free trade
(4) nativism
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Vasco da Gama became the 1st Portuguese sailor to reach India/Asia
by sailing around the tip of Africa
 Although Columbus is widely believed to be the first European to
discover the Americas, it is now proven that the Vikings arrived
centuries earlier
 The Columbian Exchange is the name given to the transfer of good,
ideas, animals, and disease between the Old World and the New
World
 Millions of Native Americans would die as a result of the disease
brought to the New World by the Columbian Exchange
 Millions more Native Americans would die from being forced to
labor for the Spanish in mines and on plantations. These plantations
were called encomiendas.
 The Spanish came to the New World seeking the 3 G’s: Gold, God,
and Glory
 Spanish Conquistadors conquered the Native-Americans of the New
World, including the Incas (Pizarro) and the Aztecs (Cortes)
 Bartholome de Las Casas was called the “Protector of the Indians”
for speaking on behalf of Indians and Indian rights in the New World
 The Spanish created the empire of New Spain which was locate
predominantly in Central and Southern America
 The Middle Passage was the horrific journey where Africans were
brought across the Atlantic to the Americas as slaves
 Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River and set up
Quebec as a fur trading post.
 The colony of New France was established along the St. Lawrence
River in present day Canada (eh?) and focused on the trapping and
trading of furs with Native Americans
 A Northwest Passage was important to Europeans because it would
supposedly provided a quick all water route to Asia through the
North American Continent
The Dutch became the first major European group to settle in New York
(New Amsterdam) and around our present state capital of Albany (Fort
Orange)
____________ 9. What was the major cause of death among Native
American Indians after contact with Spanish explorers?
(1) relocation
(2) slavery
(3) disease
(4) starvation
____________ 10. Early European explorers who came to the New
World were looking for a northwest passage in order to
(1) prove the world was round
(2) improve trade with Native American Indians
(3) explore the Great Lakes
(4) find a shorter route to Asia
____________ 11. The development of these classes of people in New
Spain was a result of
(1) colonization
(2) isolationism
(3) industrialization
(4) patriotism
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AMERICAN COLONIZATION – A New Land
The colony on Roanoke Island (present day North Carolina) was
England’s first attempt at colonization in the Americas, which was
along the Atlantic Coast of North America
Jamestown was England’s first permanent colony in the Americas,
but was plagued by disease, hunger, hostile Indians, and lazy workers
Jamestown grew because of John Rolfe’s success planting tobacco as
a cash crop.
The House of Burgesses was the colony’s first representative body in
the New World, and helped pave the way for representative
government in all the colonies.
The New England colonies (Plymouth  Pilgrims & Massachusetts
Bay  Puritans) were founded for RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
The Mayflower Compact was a document signed by the Pilgrims,
which promised to set up a government, which received its power
from the people.
The Puritans left England to build a religious society in America so
they could practice their religion freely
Thomas Hooker (a Puritan dissenter) founded Connecticut because
he feared that the Massachusetts government was too powerful
Roger Williams founded Rhode Island because he fled Massachusetts
due to religious differences with Puritans
New Englanders fought King Phillip’s War against Native Americans
(Metacom) who were fearful of the growth of the colonies, and the
loss of tribal land
The colonists at Plymouth were helped to survive and adapt to the
Americas, because Native Americans taught them to plant corn and
fish
Despite this, the soil of New England (Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island) was rocky hampered by a
short growing season. It benefited from fishing and harbors.
The Middle Colonies (Breadbasket Colonies; New York,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware) were known for both their
farming (grain, livestock) and their trading success
The Southern Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North and South
Carolina, Georgia relied on slavery to grow cash crops.
• Cruel treatment
• Poor sanitary conditions
• Starvation and disease
• Overcrowding and imprisonment
_____________ 12. Which group experienced the conditions above?
(1) Pilgrims on the Mayflower
(2) passengers on the Underground Railroad
(3) enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage
(4) Native American Indians traveling with French fur traders
____________ 13. The Virginia House of Burgesses was important
in the development of colonial America because
it was the first attempt to
(1) practice representative democracy
(2) start a plantation system of farming
(3) protest against mercantilism
(4) establish religious freedom
_____________14. What was the major reason the original settlers of
Plymouth Colony, Maryland, and Pennsylvania came to America?
(1) to secure freedom from religious persecution
(2) to search for gold and silver
(3) to convert Native American Indians to Christianity
(4) to bring spices to the New World
____________ 15. The need for agricultural workers in the early
southern colonies led to the
(1) formation of labor unions
(2) decision to industrialize
(3) improvement in farming
(4) use of enslaved persons from Africa
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The Triangular Trade was a informal trading route between North
America, Europe, and Africa, which involved such items as sugar,
rum, molasses, slaves, manufactured goods, and iron
The triangular trade was a colonial shipping route between New
England, the West Indies, and Africa
The backcountry was an inland area at the base of the Appalachian
Mountains
Many British settlers moved to the backcountry because of the free
land which was available for farming and settlement
This westward movement caused increased tension between white
settlers and Native-Americans, which led to Bacon’s Rebellion
In the colonies only white Christian males, who owned land, and were
21 years of age, could vote.
The colony of Georgia was established for debtors who were jailed in
England
William Penn was the founder of Pennsylvania, a religious haven for
Quakers
John Winthrop helped to found the Massachusetts Bay colony for the
Puritans
Cecilius Calvert, (Lord Baltimore) helped establish Maryland as a safe
haven for Catholics
Roger Williams established Rhode Island to escaper religious
persecution as the hands of the Puritans
Indentured servants were those who agreed to work without wages
for a length of time in exchange for passage on a ship to the Americas
A plantation was a large self-sufficient farm and estate, which utilized
slave labor to produce cash crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, or
cotton
Mercantilism is an economic theory, which stated that a nation
becomes strong by building up its supply of gold, and by expanding
its trade, at the expense of its colonies. “mother” England
The Great Awakening was a religious movement, which spread
throughout the English colonies
The Salem Witch Trials caused the unwarranted death of many of
Salem’s citizens, and illustrated how religious fanaticism can be
harmful
Use the map above for questions 16, 17 and 18
16. ____________What is the most appropriate title for the map?
(1) The Industrial Revolution
(2) Imperialism in Africa
(3) The Age of Discovery
(4) Atlantic Trade Routes
17. ____________ This trade pattern is known as
(1) The Triangular Trade
(2) The Great Trade
(3) The Middle Passage
(4) Isolationism
18. The belief that colonies exist to benefit the economy of the
mother country is known as
(1) triangular trade
(2) mercantilism
(3) free trade
(4) nativism
THE ROAD TO & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION –
A New Nation Emerges
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The conflict over land led to the French and Indian War in colonial
North America
The Albany Plan of Union was the idea of Ben Franklin, in which he
called for the colonies to unite to defend themselves against French
and Indian attacks
The British military and the colonists won the French and Indian war,
and as a result, gained all the French lands in North America
The British government was left with a huge monetary debt following
the French and Indian War, which they wanted the colonists in
America to shrink by paying taxes
The Proclamation of 1763 forbade the colonists from settling on land
west of the Appalachian Mountains, in an effort to avoid the settlers
conflict with Native Americans
“Salutatory Neglect” is the term given to the time period when
Britain largely left the colonies to govern themselves, and where the
colonists ignored British mercantilism laws (smuggling & trading with
other European powers)
A boycott was a non-violent form of protest where colonists refused
to buy British trade goods
The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to help raise money to
repay the debt left from fighting the French and Indian War
Colonists in Massachusetts staged the Boston Tea Party to protest the
British tax on tea
Colonists began to debate if it was fair for the British Parliament to
tax them since the colonists did not have elected representatives in
the English Parliament
“No Taxation without Representation” was a colonial response to
British economic policies toward the economy
The Boston Massacre resulted in the unfortunate death of 5 colonists
after an altercation with British Troops
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense made many colonists support the idea
of independence from Britain
19. ___________ Which document is most closely associated with
this cartoon drawn in 1754?
(1) Mayflower Compact
(2) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
(3) Albany Plan of Union
(4) Emancipation Proclamation
20._____________The major reason the British government issued
the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonial settlement west of
the Appalachian Mountains, was to
(1) avoid conflicts with Native American Indians
(2) reduce casualties during the French and Indian War
(3) maintain markets for British manufactured goods
(4) promote easy collection of new taxes
21. _____________ What was the major effect of the Stamp Act
(1765) on colonial trade?
(1) The British refused to sell certain products to the colonists.
(2) The law led to a decline in the value of colonial currency.
(3) The colonists no longer needed British goods.
(4) Many colonists boycotted British goods.
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John Locke was a British political theorist who stated that the power
to govern came from the people
Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence
in July of 1776
The Declaration of Independence was based on the idea of natural
rights, or rights that belong to all human beings (these rights are
acquired at birth) UNALENIABLE RIGHTS
The colonists viewed the idea of unity (oneness) as a strong defense
against Great Britain
The Revolutionary War began with the Battles at Lexington (Shot
Heard Round the World) and Concord
Supporters of Great Britain were known as Loyalists or Tories
Supporters of independence were known as Patriots
George Washington of Virginia was granted control of the
Continental Army
The Americans had the advantage of knowledge of the American
terrain, and leadership of George Washington
In the winter of 1777, the Continental Army spent a long harsh
winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
The Battle of Saratoga was a colonial victory, and proved to be the
turning point of the war because the victory helped to secure France
as an ally.
France aided the colonies by providing money, supplies, and military
assistance
The Revolution came to an end with the surrender of General
Cornwallis and his British forces at Yorktown, Virginia
The Treaty of Paris (1783) established the United States of America
as a free and independent nation
22. _________ Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence?
(1) John Adams
(2) Benjamin Franklin
(3) Patrick Henry
(4) Thomas Jefferson
“. . . We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights, that among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. . . . ”
23. __________ Which document contains these words?
(1) Mayflower Compact
(2) Treaty of Paris
(3) Emancipation Proclamation
(4) Declaration of Independence
23. __________ Which statement is most consistent with the views of
Loyalists in the 1770s?
(1) The colonists should be grateful to be under British rule and
protection.
(2) Taxation without representation is tyranny.
(3) Citizens, under British rule, have the right to declare independence.
(4) The king is violating the rights of British citizens.
24. __________ The Battle of Saratoga was significant in the
Revolutionary War because it
(1) ended the British threat to the South
(2) guaranteed Canadian help for the colonists
(3) convinced the French to support the
Americans
(4) forced the British to withdraw from North
America
THE CONSTITUTION – We the PEOPLE
1. The constitution is a bundle of compromises and a living
document.
2. The constitution is broken down into 7 parts called Articles
and an introduction called the Preamble.
3. The constitution limits the power of the federal government
through the principles of popular sovereignty (government is
created by and subject to the will of the people), separation of
powers, and checks & balances.
***Main Principles of the Constitution***
1. Popular Sovereignty (through indirect democracy)
2. Separation of Powers
3. Checks & Balances
4. Federalism (division of power into state and federal
with federal power being supreme)
5. Flexibility (ability to amend)
6.
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Shays’ Rebellion was one of many factors which illustrated the
weaknesses and ineffectiveness of the nation’s first constitution, the
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation gave too much power to the state
governments because Americans feared a tyrant (strong ruler)
following their experiences with King George III of England. They
also didn’t have the power to tax and lacked a strong executive.
The initial purpose of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was to
revise the Articles.
One of the main beliefs of the framers of the Constitution is that the
government should have limited powers.
James Madison is known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his
role in helping to create the document
25. ___________ Which political principle is shown in this chart?
(1) federalism
(2) implied powers
(3) separation of powers
(4) unwritten constitution
26. ___________ Which conclusion about the system of government
used in the United States is best supported by the chart?
(1) Voters elect the members of all three branches.
(2) The president has the power to interpret the law.
(3) The Supreme Court’s decisions about laws can be appealed.
(4) Laws are affected by all three branches of government.
27. ___________ In the 1780’s, many Americans distrusted a strong
central government. This distrust is best shown by the
1. lack of debate over the ratification of the US Constitution
2. plan of government set up by the Articles of Confederation
3. development of a Federal court system
4. constitutional provision for a strong President
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The goals of the nation’s Constitution are listed in the Preamble
At the convention in Philadelphia many debates about representation
arose, and were settled by several compromises
The Great Compromise created a 2 house
(BICAMERAL)legislature: one based on population, the other gave
each state 2 officials
The Great compromise was a blend of both the New Jersey (small
state) and Virginia (large state) plans
The 3/5 Compromise helped to answer how slaves would be
counted in a state’s population for governmental representation
The Constitution created 3 branches of government (the legislative,
the executive, and the judicial), which is also known as the
separation of powers
The legislative branch writes laws, the executive branch enforces laws,
and the judicial branch interprets the law.
The executive branch is headed by the President of the United States
The division of power between the national, state, and local
government is known as federalism
Under the system of federalism, delegated powers are left to the
national government, reserved powers are left to the states, while
concurrent powers are shared between both levels.
The Constitution also created a system of checks and balances,
which allows one branch to check the power of the other two
branches to make sure they do not become too powerful
Be sure to understand some of the governmental checks (veto,
override, impeachment, judicial review, etc.)
Judicial Review is the idea that the Supreme Court can decide whether
a law violates the Constitution
Federalists are those individuals who wanted to support the
ratification (pass) of the Constitution
Federalists believed in a strong central government, which would
provide stability and order.
Antifederalists were those individuals who were against the
ratification of the Constitution
28. _____________ Debates at the Constitutional Convention (1787)
between delegates from states with large populations and states with
small populations were mainly resolved by
(1) creating a two-house legislature
(2) establishing federal control over interstate commerce
(3) permitting states to count Native American Indians in their
population
(4) providing for an electoral college
29. _____________ Which statement best illustrates the principle of
federalism?
(1) The president has the power to veto bills.
(2) Congress is divided into two houses.
(3) The Supreme Court has the power to review laws.
(4) Power is divided between the states and the
national government.
30. ______________ The system of checks and balances was included
in the Constitution to
(1) provide a method to change the document
(2) allow voters a voice in the legislative process
(3) ensure that one branch of government would
not gain too much power
(4) allow for trial by jury in all civil and criminal
cases
31. _____________ The Constitution of the United States was
considered an improvement over the Articles of Confederation because
the Constitution changed the
(1) status of slavery
(2) civil rights of minorities
(3) number of Americans eligible to vote
(4) balance of power between national and state governments
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Antifederalists believed that the national government was too strong,
and that the Constitution needed a Bill of Rights added to protect
the basic rights (natural or unalienable rights) of the nation’s citizens
The Elastic Clause gives Congress the right to make all laws it
deems “necessary and proper”, which allows the Constitution to
adjust to situations that the framers were not anticipating when the
Constitution was written
The Constitution, is a “living document” which can be changed
either by the amendment process, or through its interpretation by the
Supreme Court
The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as the Bill
of Rights, which protect the basic rights of all Americans
The Bill of Rights protects such things as freedom of speech,
religion, the right to bear arms, the right to trial, and the right of due
process of law.
The Constitution is based on the principle of Popular Sovereignty,
which means that “The People” have the final say in government.
The ultimate authority from our form of government comes from the
people (We the People …)
The government of the U.S. is a representative democracy, which
means that citizens elect representatives to serve office for them.
WAR of 1812, JACKSONIAN AGE, & MANIFEST
DESTINY - Life in the New Nation
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The supreme court received the right of judicial review in the
Marbury vs. Madison case (1803), which allowed them to decide the
Constitutionality of laws
The United States doubled the size of the nation when President
Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, and expanded
the United States west of the Mississippi River
The U.S. purchased Louisiana from Napoleon for 15 million dollars
because France needed money to fight Great Britain and Spain in a
war in Europe
President Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to Louisiana to gather
information about resources available, and also to explore and map
the region
32. ______________ To win support for ratification of the United
States Constitution, Federalists agreed to
(1) give up western land claims
(2) restrict the importation of slaves
(3) add a bill of rights to the document
(4) grant voting rights to all adult white males
33. ____________Which document guarantees freedom of speech, the
right to bear arms, and protection from unreasonable search and
seizure?
(1) Bill of Rights
(2) Albany Plan of Union
(3) Declaration of Sentiments
(4) Federalist Papers
34. ___________ One effect of the Supreme Court decision in
Marbury v. Madison (1803) was to
(1) establish the power of the Court to declare a law unconstitutional
(2) allow Congress to tax income
(3) approve the president’s power to veto bills
(4) settle differences between the House and the Senate
35. ___________ The Louisiana Purchase was important to the
growth of the United States because it
(1) doubled the size of the country
(2) gave the nation control of the Great Lakes
(3) completed America’s westward expansion
(4) brought California into the Union
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Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian, helped Lewis and Clark on their
expedition to Louisiana
Impressment is the act of forcing foreign sailors to work on
warships of the British Navy
President Jefferson’s Embargo Act weakened the U.S. economy by
hurting both American merchants and sailors
War Hawks were Congressmen who wanted to wage war with
Britain to seize Canada, take Spanish Florida, stop Britain from
impressing our sailors, and stop Native American attacks on the
Frontier
The U.S. fought the War of 1812 (nicknamed the Second War for
Independence) against Great Britain
The U.S. and Native Americans came into conflict because white
settlers threatened the Native Americans way of life (culture)
The War of 1812 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in
1814, which basically returned things to the way they were before the
war was fought
The war ended in a tie, but helped increase U.S. nationalism, or pride
in one’s nation
Following his lopsided victory at the Battle of New Orleans Andrew
Jackson became a national hero
Following the War of 1812 sectional differences began to emerge in
the nation
Sectionalism is the idea that one favors the needs of one's area of the
country over the needs of the entire country
The invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 helped
industrialization because it allowed cotton to be cleaned quicker
making it more profitable; however, this would mean southern
plantation owners would expand the slave system to keep up with the
demand for cotton
Early industrialization began in the textile mills of New England in
the due to the abundance of waterpower. These mills employed
mostly young women and children
Steamboats helped to revolutionize travel on waterways in the early
19th century
36. ____________ The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison
(1803) established the principle of
(1) judicial review
(2) separation of powers
(3) habeas corpus
(4) nullification
37. _____________ Eli Whitney and Samuel Slater were important
to the early Industrial Revolution in the United
States because they
(1) developed new methods of manufacturing
(2) invented new forms of transportation
(3) built machines powered by steam
(4) improved techniques in the production of steel
38. ______________ One result of the War of 1812 was that the
United States
(1) defeated Spain
(2) took control of Cuba
(3) gained land from Canada
(4) maintained its independence from Great
Britain
38. _____________ Why did most colonial farmers settle near oceans or
coastal waterways?
(1) Fewer Native American Indians lived there.
(2) Local governments paid farmers to do so.
(3) There were fewer problems with removal of
trees and rocks.
(4) Transportation of products was easier.
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The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European powers to not
colonize the Americas
The Monroe Doctrine reinforced George Washington’s idea of
American neutrality by attempting to avoid armed conflict with
Europe
John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson in the election of
1824. The election was nicknamed the “Corrupt Bargain” because
the election had to be settled by the House of Representatives
When elected to the Presidency in 1828 Andrew Jackson gave his
supporters and loyal party member’s jobs in the government. This
was known as the Spoils System.
Nullification is the idea that a state can veto (abolish) or cancel a law
of the federal government. The Nullification Crisis results from
Southern hatred of a tariff passed by the U.S. government.
President Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced the
relocation of the 5 civilized tribes of Native Americans from the
Southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma)
President Jackson was the hero of the common man, and helped
increase democracy in the United States by extending the right to vote
to many Americans (not females, African-Americans, NativeAmericans – well you get the idea)
A NATION DIVIDED AND THE CIVIL WAR – Brother
fights brother
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As the nation grew due to expansion & manifest destiny many
Americans feared the expansion of slavery
A series of compromises attempted to cure the slavery vs. free state
issue
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 tried to keep the balance of
free & slave states in the Union
The Compromise of 1850 and The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
left the issue of slavery up to residents in the newly settled territories
This idea was called popular sovereignty where territory citizens
voted for or against slavery
The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin was important because illustrated to
many Americans the evil of slavery
“The Cherokees are nearly all prisoners. They
have been dragged from their homes and
encamped at the forts and military places, all
over the nation. . . . The property of many has
been taken and sold before their eyes for
almost nothing.”
40. ___________ This quotation from an eyewitness on the Trail
of Tears describes events connected with the
(1) Battle of Little Big Horn
(2) Dawes Act
(3) Lewis and Clark Expedition
(4) Indian Removal Act
41. ___________ Many Americans justified westward expansion
during the 1840s based on
(1) a belief in Manifest Destiny
(2) a need to preserve the natural environment
(3) the authority of the Monroe Doctrine
(4) the constitutional principles in the Bill of
Rights
I. ___________________________________
A. Uncle Tom’s Cabin published
B. Congress passes Kansas-Nebraska Act
C. John Brown leads raid on Harper’s Ferry
42. ____________ Which heading best completes the partial outline
above?
(1) Impacts of Industrialization
(2) Closing the Frontier
(3) Political Leadership
(4) Events Leading to the Civil War
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The Dred Scott decision of 1857 decided that slaves were property
& not citizens of the US
The Republican Party was founded to rid the US of slavery &
became the party of Abe Lincoln
John Brown led a raid to Harper’s Ferry, Virginia to seize weapons
to start a slave rebellion
The election of Abraham Lincoln led many southern states to
decided to leave the Union
Sectionalism, states’ rights, & slavery caused the US to fight a civil
war between north (free) vs. the south (slave-owning)
The secession of many southern states from the Union & the attack
on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina started the war
The Confederacy was created & Jefferson Davis became its
president
The primary goal for Lincoln in fighting the war was to preserve the
Union
For the south, the Civil War was a fight to keep their traditional
ways of life & secede from the Union. For the north, it was a fight
to preserve the Union & rid the nation of slavery
The North had the advantages of its large industrial centers, large
railroad network, natural resources, & money. The south had the
advantage of knowing the land, fighting a defensive war, & the
great military leadership of Robert E. Lee
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation following the Battle
of Antietam, which broadened the purpose of the war, which would
now be to free or emancipate southern slaves
The Emancipation Proclamation freed all the slaves in the
Confederacy, which really freed no slaves because the Union did not
control the Confederate states
Gettysburg and Vicksburg (1863) were both Northern victories, and
marked the turning point of the Civil War in the North
In the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln stated that the purpose
of the Civil War was to defend democracy and spread freedom
President Lincoln appointed as his chief general Ulysses S. Grant,
who planned to fight a total war with the South by destroying their
ability to fight
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As a result of the war, slavery was abolished, the south had to
rejoin the Union, more Americans died than in any other American
war since then American fought Americans
America would struggle to rebuild the nation after the destruction of so
much property
North
Industrial
More cities
Many factories
Slavery widely opposed
South
Agricultural
Mainly rural
Few factories
Slavery widely supported
43. ____________ Which conclusion related to the Civil War can be drawn
from the information in the chart above chart?
(1) The South had more large cities than the North.
(2) Sectionalism was based on social and economic differences.
(3) The South was well prepared to win a war against the North.
(4) Agriculture was no longer important to the United States economy
44. _____________ What was the immediate cause of the secession
of Southern states from the Union prior to the start of the Civil War?
(1) election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency
(2) passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
(3) raid on Harpers Ferry by John Brown
(4) decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case
45. ______________ An issue that divided the North and South and
led to the Civil War was the
(1) length of the term of the president
(2) use of judicial review by the Supreme Court
(3) balance of power between the states and the federal government
(4) application of the impeachment process