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8th Grade US history STAAR review Study online at quizlet.com/_d4469 1. 2. 3. (important fact) 1787 delegates from 13 stats drafted the US Constitution in Philadelphia, PA 13th Amendment Abolished slavery in the US 14th Amendment Made former slaves citizensand gave equal protection under th law for all citizens 15th Amendment African American males are given the right to vote 1607 Jamestown,Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) John Smith 17. 18. 4. 19. 5. 6. 1620 Pilgrims Plymouth Mayflower Compact Willam Bradford 7. 1776 Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson John Hancock 8. 1787 Constitutional Convention James Madison George Washington 9. 1803 Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson Lewis and Clark 20. 21. 10. 1861-1865 Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln 11. Abolitionist Person who fights to end slavery Abraham Lincoln 1863 President of US during Civil War First Republican President Election resulted in South's secession from Union Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Alexander Hamilton Author of Federalist Papers 1st secretary of the treasury under Washington AntiFederalists Opposed ratification of the Constitution Supported a Bill of Rights Ex: Patrick Henry and George Mason Antietam Septembr 17, 1862 Bloodiest day of the war Lee retreats Licoln decides to take action against slavery Appomattox Court House April 9,1865 Lee surrenders to Grant Grants shows mercy ad respect to Lee and his troops 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. The Articles of Confederation 1781 The first form of government established by the 13 colonies Articles were replaced by the US Constitution because the Articles had a weak central government Battle of Yorktown Major British defeat that effectively ends the war The Battles of Saratoga Turning point of Revolution French enter war as American allies Benjamin Franklin Publisher and inventor Respected statesman who guided the colonies toward independence Helped convince France to support America during the Revolutionary War Bessemer Steel Process Late 1800s Invented by WIlliam Kelly and Henry Bessemer Allowed steel to be mnufactured cheaply Bill of Rights 1st 10 amendments of the Constitution Protect individual rights and liberties Necessary in order for some states to ratify the Constitution Causes of the American Revolution Britsih taxed colonies heavily for revenue to pay for the French and Indin War "No taxation without representation"colonists resented being taxed without having a representative in Parliament Tax Acts including: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act angered colonists Boston Massacre Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts) Charles de Montsquieu Separation of powers Checks and Balaces Makes sure no branch of government becomes too powerful Civil Disobedience Peaceful protest of injustice Civil War War between North and South from 18611865 Columbian Exchange Exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state New Mexico Territory to have no restrictions on slavery Set new border between Texas and New Mexico Slave trade (but not slavery) banned in Washington, D.C. Stronger fugitive slave laws 30. Connecticut Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker after leaving Massachusetts 31. Cotton Gin 1793 Invented by Eli Whitney Removed seeds from cotton Increased demands for slaves 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Fort Sumter April 12-14, 1861 Confederate forces attack US fort in South Carolina Frederick Douglas Influential speaker and writer North Star Free Enterprise System System by whcih people can conduct business free from government control except for reasonable regulations made for the general good French and Indian War outcome~ 1754-1763 George Washington gains national prominence England gains control of more territory War plunges England into debt Proclamation of 1763 states that colonists CANNOT settle west of the Appalachian Mountains Fundamental Orders of Connecticut First written constitution in America Adopted in 1639 Gadsden Purchase 1853 Purchased from Mexico for $10 Million George Washington Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution Elected 1st President of the US in 1789 51. Georgia Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe as a debtor's colony 52. Gettysburg July 1-4, 1863 Surprise battle in Pennsylvania Lee retreats Gettysburg Adress 1863 2 minute speech uniting Americans Expressed what war was about "government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth." Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Congress has authority to regulate interstate and intrastate trade Great Compromise Represntation: All states get 2 votes in the Senate Number of votes in the house determined by state population Harriet Tubman Conductor on the Underground Railroad Henry Clay Westerner known as the "Great Compromiser" Henry David Thoreau Refused to pay taxes in protest of the Mexican-American war Hiram Rhodes Revels 1st Africsn American elected to the Senate 44. 45. 46. Daniel Webster Northern Senator Opposed slavery Dawes Act (1887) Broke up Native American reservations Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jefferson Lists colonial grievances against King George Justifies the colonies breaking away from England Dred Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court decision which Dred Scott (a slave) was considered propertt, and not a citizen- therefore had no right to bring a lawsuit asking for his freedom Election of 1860 Lincoln elected President 49. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony worked for women's rights 50. Emancipation Proclamation 1863 Document declaring that all slaves in th South were free English Bill of Rights 1689 Influenced the Constitution by forbidding cruel and unusual punishment Granted the right to bear arms Laws must be passed by the legislative branch Taxes must be approved by the legislative branch 47. Executive Branch Enforces laws Federalism Power is shared between states and national government Federalist Papers 1787-1788 Essays written to encouage ratification of the Constitution Authors included Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison Federalists 48. 53. 54. 55. Supported ratification of Constitution and the creation of a strong central government Ex: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. Homestead Act (1862) Gave free land to settlers who would live on the land for 5 years Encouraged thousands to the Great Plains 79. Loyalists Americans who supported Great Britain during the American Revolution 80. Magna Carta 1215 Limited the power of the king Provided trial by jury Manifest Destiny Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent Marbury v. Madison 1803 Established Judicial Review giving Supreme Court authority to decideif laws are constitutional or not Mayflower Compact Agreement among male pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in which they pledged loyalty to England and promised to obey the laws of the colony; formed a "civil body politic" for "our better ordering and preservations" McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 States cannot tax a federal bank Medal of Honor Recipients Philip Bazzar William Carney Mercantilism An economic system that promoted thr growth of a country's economy through a favorable balance of trade Goal was to build wealth by exploiting the natural reaources of colonial territories Mexican Cession 1848 California and New Mexico sold to the US for $15 Million after the Mexican-American War Middle Colonies NewYork, Pennsylvania,New Jersey, Delaware Fertile soil, milder climate than New England Diverse, tolerant Migration Movement of people from one location to another Missouri Compromise 1820 Maine enters Union as a free state Missouri enters Union as slave state Slavery prohibited in remainder of Louisiana Territory Monroe Doctrine Closed Americas to further European colonization In exchange, US promised to stay out of European affairs Morrill Act (1862) Funded public colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts Northern (New England) Colonies Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine Cold climate and rocky soil Shipbuilding, trade,and fishing House of Burgesses Created in Virginia in1619 First representative government in the colonies 62. Immigration Movement of people into a country frim another country 63. Individual Rights Basic rights and liberties of all citiens as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights Interchangable Parts Invented by Eli Whitney Opened the way for factories Jackson's war on the bank Jackson removes federal funds from nationl bank, forcing it into bankruptcy Jacksonian Democracy Idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule James Madison 4th president of US Main author of the US Constitution during the War of 1812 85. Jamestown, Virginia Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company Colony was saved by tobacco 86. Jefferson Davis' Inaugural Address 1861 President of Confederacy compared secession to divorce between husband and wife John Adams 2nd president of US Helpes negotiate Treaty of Paris, ending the American Revolution 61. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. John C. Calhoun Southern Senator Supported slavery 72. John Locke Natural rights 73. Judicial Branch Interprets laws 74. King George 3 Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War Legislative Branch Makes laws Lexington and Concord First battle of revolution "Shot heard 'round the world" Limited Government Power of the government is restricted by the Constitution-"No one is above the law" Louisiana Purchase 1803 Purchased by President Jefferson from France Doubled the size of the US 81. 82. 83. 84. 87. 88. 89. 75. 90. 91. 76. 77. 78. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. Northwest Ordinance 1787 Established an ordely expansion to western territory 1st attempt by the US to stop spread of slavery New states given the same rights and privelages as previous states Nullification Crisis Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government Oregon Territory 1859 33rd state Patrick Henry Patriot Delivered "Give me liberty, or give me death" speech in the Virginia Houseof Burgesses in March, 1775 98. Patriots Americans who supported declaring independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution 99. Pennsylvania Founded in 1680 by William Penn Promoted tolerance and equality Plantation System Economic system in which slaves provided the necessary labor for planting and harvesting cashcrops like cotton, rice, and tobacco Plymouth, Massachusetts Founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious freedom and tolerance Popular Sovereignty People hold supreme power The Preamble Intro to the Constitution that states its purpose Radical Reconstruction Congress Wanted Congress, not the President to control a tougher, more extreme approach Railroads Encouraged settlement in the west Created thousands of new jobs 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. Ratification Results of the Civil War Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House and South loses war Southern economy is ruined Northern economy becomes stronger Reconstruction begins Samuel Adams Cousin to John Adams Patriot Leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty Separation of Powers Divides the powers of the federal government into 3 branches Legislative Executive Judicial Sojourner Truth Spoke about her experiences as a slave Southern Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Warm climate, rich soil, long growing season Farming and agriculture State's Rights Belief in local government close to the people Each state should be able to decide key issues for themselves Steamboat 1807 Invented by Robert Fulton Improved transportation of goods and people Subsistence Agriculture Farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family wih little left for purchasing manufactured goods 119. Suffrage Woman's right to vote 120. Tariff tax on imports 121. Texas 1845 Joined US as 28th state Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence Elected 3rd President of US in 1800 Thomas Paine Author of "Common Sense" which was instrumental in convincing colonists to support the revolution against Britain Three-Fifths Compromise Slavery: Each slave counts as 3/5 of a person for taxtation and representation in the house Trail of Tears Forced removal of Cherokee Indians from their homes to resettle in the west Treaty of Paris of 1783 Ends the war! Britain forced to recognize American independence Unalienable Rights Rights that cannot be taken away without due process Such as: life, liberty, and th pursuit of happiness 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 122. to formally approve Fact: to go into effect, 9 of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution Ratify To approve Reconstruction (1865-1877) Period after Civil War in US when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union Representative Government System of government where citizens are represented by elected leaders Republicanism A system where the people vote for elected representatives to run the government 123. 124. 125. 108. 109. 110. 126. 127. 128. Urbanization Population begins to shift away from farms and into cities 129. Utah Territory 1850 Established as a territory Brigham Young becomes Governor 130. Vicksburg July 1863 Confederates surrender Union holds Mississippi River 131. War of 1812 British attack Washington, D.C. British retreat from Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD Francis Scott Key writes The Star Spangled Banner Andrew Jackson wins the battle of New Orleans 132. Washington's Farewell Address Warned against political parties and forming alliances with foreign countries 133. William Blackwell Laws of nature 134. William Lloyd Garrison Published the Abolitionist Newspaper- The Liberator 135. Winter at Valley Forge Washington struggled to keep the Continental Army together