Download Chapter 1.1 Many Cultures Meet

Chapter
1.1
Many Cultures Meet
•The first Americans migrated from Asia
between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago.
Some scientists believe they crossed a
“land bridge” over the Bering Strait.
From there they spread across N. and
S. America
•Agriculture led to the growth of
Civilizations. Indians of Central Mexico
cultivated squash, corn and beans.
Development in food growing lets to towns
and cities under powerful chiefs.
Pg . 5 in book
•Between the 14th and 16th centuries,
Europe was changed by the Renaissance.
Scientific advances gave many excess
money. This excess wealth lead to
financing for explorers.
-Monarchs sought trade from Asia and
Africa.
Portuguese mariners eventually rounded
the southern tip of Africa and were able to
reach India. Why the need? They sought
gold, salt and enslaved Africans.
-Between 1500-1800 11 million slaves
crossed the Atlantic, a trip called MIDDLE
PASSAGE.
•
‘Age of Exploration’
•In 1492
Italian mariner
Christopher
Columbus
sailed west
from Spain
looking for a
route to
Asia/India.
-Where did he land? The Caribbean…he thought he
was in the Indies, hence the natives being called?
-Europeans jumped at the chance to convert the
Indians to Christianity, took their land and enslaved
them.
• The traffic of plants, animals, tools, disease
and ideas between Europe and America
became known as the Columbian Exchange.
-this included the intro of pigs, horses, sheep
and cattle. Europeans also picked up crops
such as maize and potatoes.
•Spanish Conquistadores:
Cortes (1519-1521) defeated the Aztecs
Ponce de Leon (1513) explored Florida
de Soto (1539-1542) S.E. to the Miss. river
1.2 The American Revolution
•Spain, France and
England all established
major colonies in the
Americas.
-Many gained wealth
from various sources.
France from traders
trading furs. Spain
from Mexico and S.
and Cent. America
Pg . 11 in book
•England established a string of colonies
along the east coast of N. America
In 1607
Jamestown was
established on
Chesapeake
Bay
Despite attacks,
disease and
starvation the
colony grew.
•In 1620, Plymouth
Colony was
established in New
England. They were
devout Puritans,
they wanted to
create model moral
communities.
Sources of Democracy
•The colonists brought
democratic
ideals from England. They
looked to sources such as the
English Bill of Rights and the
Magna Carta.
•Enlightenment
philosophers
believed all
problems could
be solved by
reasoning.
John Locke applied
reason to government
and politics.
-During the 1700s
the philosophy of
the Enlightenment
circulated in
the colonies
1.2 Cont. “no taxation without representation!”
•Between 1689 and 1763, Britain and
France fought a series of wars in Europe.
-Why is this a problem? Wars cost A LOT of
money!
In 1754, the
French and
Indian War
erupted in North
America.
Victory in 1763
gave Canada and
new western land
to Britain.
•All of this war led to a major
deficit for the British
government…they looked to the
colonies to make up the
difference. How?
American colonists protested
“taxation without
representation.”
•In 1774, the First Continental
Congress
met and appealed
to Parliament without success.
The American Revolution began in 1775.
•Fighting started
when British troops
marched to seize
ammunition and
arms in Concord,
Massachusetts.
•In July 1776, Congress
adopted a Declaration
of Independence.
Written by Thomas
Jefferson.
•A colonial army
was formed.
George
Washington
was put in
command by the
Continental
Congress.
•The Americans won
the war after
trapping a British
army in Yorktown,
Virginia. (see pg.13)
-The Americans benefited from the leadership
of George Washington and assistance from
France.
-The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783
After declaring independence in 1776,
each state wrote
its own constitution…most had their own
bill of rights. Why might this be a
problem?
•The Articles of
Confederation was
the new nation’s first
constitution. Fear of
abuse of power,
states gave the fed.
gov’t limited power.
So what could
the federal gov’t
actually do…not
much
Congress could
declare and conduct
war and could
regulate trade with
foreign countries
and Indian nations.
Problems with the Articles of Confederation…
States taxed goods from other states, which
hurt interstate commerce.
The nation could not pay its war debt.
With no national army.
Things needed to change!
Weaknesses exposed…how?
•In Mass., farmers
faced losing
their farms when
they couldn’t pay
their debts.
In 1786, Daniel
Shays led a mob of
angry farmers on a
federal arsenal.
•Known as Shays’
Rebellion, the
incident highlighted
the weakness of the
federal government
under the Articles.
In 1787, state delegates met in
Philadelphia to amend the
Articles of Confederation. This became
known as the Constitutional Convention
Through debate and several months, the
Constitution was written (thanks to James
Madison)…now to make it the law of the
land! How?
•Before the Constitution could go into
effect, it had to be ratified by 9 of the 13
states. Conflicts between Federalists
(those in favor) and Anti-Federalists
(those against) erupted.
With New Hampshire’s ratification in 1788, the
Constitution was the new law of the land.
•The Constitution
promoted a
separation of
powers into distinct
executive,
legislative, and
judicial branches.
Each branch has
checks and balances
on the others.
This prevented the concentration of power in
any one branch of the federal government.
•Under federalism,
power was divided
between the states
and the federal
government. This is
seen throughout the
Constitution! Why
is this important?
The New Republic 1.4
•George Washington took office as the
first President of the United States.
Washington is an excellent choice. Selects
a skilled Cabinet, including
Alexander Hamilton and Thomas
Jefferson.
Federalist and Anti-Federalists go at it again…this time over
Hamilton's proposed National Bank
Federalists=strong
Federal Government
Democratic Republicans
(Anti-Federalsists)=limited
Federal Government
This is becomes the birth place of modern
political parties!
•Washington steps down after 2 terms!
Adams (federalist) becomes 2nd pres.
Jefferson (anti-federalist) beats Adams to
become 3rd pres.
•In Marbury v.
Madison the
Jefferson’s policies to
Supreme Court
limit federal power,
asserted judicial
however, were
review, the power
checked by Chief
Justice John Marshall. to decide the
constitutionality of
acts of Congress or
the President.
•In 1803 Jefferson obtained the huge
Louisiana Purchase from French ruler
Napoleon Bonaparte
Pg 23 in book.
In 1809 Madison becomes our 4th President!
In 1812 the United States went to war with
Britain. (The War of 1812)
The Americans failed to take Canada and the
British burned Washington, D.C….Ended with
an 1814 peace treaty.
Why is this important?
• During the war, the North began to develop
Industry. The South agriculture…these
differences begin to separate the N. from the
S.
In 1823,
President
James
Monroe
issued the
Monroe
Doctrine.
It stated Europe had
no business
meddling with
American republics.
The U.S. would stay
out of European
affairs.
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Virginia
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Maryland
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Delaware
North Carolina
South Carolina
New Jersey
New York
Georgia
Pennsylvania