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Chapter 1.1 Many Cultures Meet •The first Americans migrated from Asia between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago. Some scientists believe they crossed a “land bridge” over the Bering Strait. From there they spread across N. and S. America •Agriculture led to the growth of Civilizations. Indians of Central Mexico cultivated squash, corn and beans. Development in food growing lets to towns and cities under powerful chiefs. Pg . 5 in book •Between the 14th and 16th centuries, Europe was changed by the Renaissance. Scientific advances gave many excess money. This excess wealth lead to financing for explorers. -Monarchs sought trade from Asia and Africa. Portuguese mariners eventually rounded the southern tip of Africa and were able to reach India. Why the need? They sought gold, salt and enslaved Africans. -Between 1500-1800 11 million slaves crossed the Atlantic, a trip called MIDDLE PASSAGE. • ‘Age of Exploration’ •In 1492 Italian mariner Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain looking for a route to Asia/India. -Where did he land? The Caribbean…he thought he was in the Indies, hence the natives being called? -Europeans jumped at the chance to convert the Indians to Christianity, took their land and enslaved them. • The traffic of plants, animals, tools, disease and ideas between Europe and America became known as the Columbian Exchange. -this included the intro of pigs, horses, sheep and cattle. Europeans also picked up crops such as maize and potatoes. •Spanish Conquistadores: Cortes (1519-1521) defeated the Aztecs Ponce de Leon (1513) explored Florida de Soto (1539-1542) S.E. to the Miss. river 1.2 The American Revolution •Spain, France and England all established major colonies in the Americas. -Many gained wealth from various sources. France from traders trading furs. Spain from Mexico and S. and Cent. America Pg . 11 in book •England established a string of colonies along the east coast of N. America In 1607 Jamestown was established on Chesapeake Bay Despite attacks, disease and starvation the colony grew. •In 1620, Plymouth Colony was established in New England. They were devout Puritans, they wanted to create model moral communities. Sources of Democracy •The colonists brought democratic ideals from England. They looked to sources such as the English Bill of Rights and the Magna Carta. •Enlightenment philosophers believed all problems could be solved by reasoning. John Locke applied reason to government and politics. -During the 1700s the philosophy of the Enlightenment circulated in the colonies 1.2 Cont. “no taxation without representation!” •Between 1689 and 1763, Britain and France fought a series of wars in Europe. -Why is this a problem? Wars cost A LOT of money! In 1754, the French and Indian War erupted in North America. Victory in 1763 gave Canada and new western land to Britain. •All of this war led to a major deficit for the British government…they looked to the colonies to make up the difference. How? American colonists protested “taxation without representation.” •In 1774, the First Continental Congress met and appealed to Parliament without success. The American Revolution began in 1775. •Fighting started when British troops marched to seize ammunition and arms in Concord, Massachusetts. •In July 1776, Congress adopted a Declaration of Independence. Written by Thomas Jefferson. •A colonial army was formed. George Washington was put in command by the Continental Congress. •The Americans won the war after trapping a British army in Yorktown, Virginia. (see pg.13) -The Americans benefited from the leadership of George Washington and assistance from France. -The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 After declaring independence in 1776, each state wrote its own constitution…most had their own bill of rights. Why might this be a problem? •The Articles of Confederation was the new nation’s first constitution. Fear of abuse of power, states gave the fed. gov’t limited power. So what could the federal gov’t actually do…not much Congress could declare and conduct war and could regulate trade with foreign countries and Indian nations. Problems with the Articles of Confederation… States taxed goods from other states, which hurt interstate commerce. The nation could not pay its war debt. With no national army. Things needed to change! Weaknesses exposed…how? •In Mass., farmers faced losing their farms when they couldn’t pay their debts. In 1786, Daniel Shays led a mob of angry farmers on a federal arsenal. •Known as Shays’ Rebellion, the incident highlighted the weakness of the federal government under the Articles. In 1787, state delegates met in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. This became known as the Constitutional Convention Through debate and several months, the Constitution was written (thanks to James Madison)…now to make it the law of the land! How? •Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified by 9 of the 13 states. Conflicts between Federalists (those in favor) and Anti-Federalists (those against) erupted. With New Hampshire’s ratification in 1788, the Constitution was the new law of the land. •The Constitution promoted a separation of powers into distinct executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Each branch has checks and balances on the others. This prevented the concentration of power in any one branch of the federal government. •Under federalism, power was divided between the states and the federal government. This is seen throughout the Constitution! Why is this important? The New Republic 1.4 •George Washington took office as the first President of the United States. Washington is an excellent choice. Selects a skilled Cabinet, including Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Federalist and Anti-Federalists go at it again…this time over Hamilton's proposed National Bank Federalists=strong Federal Government Democratic Republicans (Anti-Federalsists)=limited Federal Government This is becomes the birth place of modern political parties! •Washington steps down after 2 terms! Adams (federalist) becomes 2nd pres. Jefferson (anti-federalist) beats Adams to become 3rd pres. •In Marbury v. Madison the Jefferson’s policies to Supreme Court limit federal power, asserted judicial however, were review, the power checked by Chief Justice John Marshall. to decide the constitutionality of acts of Congress or the President. •In 1803 Jefferson obtained the huge Louisiana Purchase from French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte Pg 23 in book. In 1809 Madison becomes our 4th President! In 1812 the United States went to war with Britain. (The War of 1812) The Americans failed to take Canada and the British burned Washington, D.C….Ended with an 1814 peace treaty. Why is this important? • During the war, the North began to develop Industry. The South agriculture…these differences begin to separate the N. from the S. In 1823, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine. It stated Europe had no business meddling with American republics. The U.S. would stay out of European affairs. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Virginia Massachusetts New Hampshire Maryland Connecticut Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina South Carolina New Jersey New York Georgia Pennsylvania