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Ayesha Bakshi Mr. Tavernia AP World History / Period 4 Packet B Theme 5: Social - Serfs Serfs were common during the Medieval Period, especially in the feudal system in Europe.. They worked for their lord on the lands that were a part of the feudal system. The serfs were considered peasants and worked in manors. Feudalism gave the lord rights over their serfs. Since the serfs would use their lord’s land, they would have to pay dues to them. For example, when serfs had to use the their lord’s mill, since the mill did not belong to them, the serfs would pay the tax. Serfs could pay their payments in money or in items including: honey, eggs, grains, etc. In reality, the lords could ask the lord for any amount in the taxes they had to pay to them, but the lords were not that cruel, because they did not want their serfs to leave. The serfs would work in the their lords for about two or three days in the week. They would work on the land by ploughing and harvesting. All the daily duties of the serfs depended on what type of chores their lords needs them to do. Serfs were actually a level between slavery and freedom due some of the limitations of being one. There were certain things the serf could not do without his lord. The type of clothes the serf would wear would consist of blouses, trousers, boots, gloves, etc. Balila, Joshua Mr. Tavernia Period 3 Packet D Social: Serfs Serfs are agricultural laborers bound by the feudalistic system to work the land on his/her lord’s estate. Serfs occupied a small plot of land with which they needed to grow crops for both themselves and the lord who owned the land. In this system of serfdom, most of the harvest produced by the laborers went to the lord, while the rest of the harvest was used to feed the laborer and his/her family. Serfs could also be forced to work the mines, forest, or any other resource the lord needed, which was then sent to the lord. There were also different kinds of serfs within the feudalistic system, which (from highest to lowest ranking) were freemen, villeins, bordars, and slaves. Freemen held few obligations to the lord and did not have to send most of their produce to the lord. Villeins were the most common type of serf during Medieval times, and they had small homes and held little to no land, but they were generally able to hold property. Bordars were often given just enough food to feed their families, and lived in small cottages on their lord’s land. Lastly, slaves worked exclusively for the lord, and held minimal rights in the feudalistic system. The decline of serfs and serfdom was often attributed to the Black Death, which would likely have mostly affected the poor serfs working the lord’s land. Without this essential piece of labor providing food for the lord, the lord would eventually not have enough food to provide for his family and/or higher lords with whom he also owed resources. Ariann Barker Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet D Social: Footbinding Implemented in the Song dynasty, footbinding is a custom developed by the Chinese in order to keep women’s feet from growing as they aged. At the time, it was considered to be a measure of a woman’s elite ranking in the social system, as only working women would need to be mobile. In addition to being a measure of status, it was also somewhat of a Chinese beauty standard, as smaller feet on a woman were seen as more attractive. In order to footbind, a woman would have the bones of her feet broken at a very young age, causing them to grow irregularly. This was inevitably damaging to the women’s feet and forcing them into a life of immobility for the rest of their lives. Though the practice started for only wealthy women, it quickly gained traction and soon most women of all social statuses had their feet bound. This practice was fully outlawed in the 1900s. Ariann Barker Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet D Eric Bazail Mr. Tavernia AP World History 4 Packet D Cultural: [Foot Binding] A common practice in Song China, foot binding, otherwise known as lotus feet, involved the bending of a woman’s toes underneath the sole using long ribbons. The practice was designed to continue breaking the bones within the foot whenever the foot would grow, a painful process that would take years. Girls often started from age four to age six, as they had ideal pain tolerance and the ideal foot size for the ‘procedure,’ and ended up obtaining a hobbled, prodding gait, similar to walking with hooves. This created strong hip, buttocks, and thigh muscles, a byproduct of trying to maneuver effectively. This practice was reserved for the elite, as it was a standard of beauty held with high regard. Women with ‘large’ lotus feet were considered hideous and unmarriageable, regardless of any aesthetic beauty they may have otherwise had. Designed to prevent women from walking, as the Chinese mistakenly believed that walking would cause birthing muscles to deteriorate, foot binding effectively limited women’s rights in China by providing them less opportunities to contribute to the household. Thus, the practice never caught on heavily with the lower classes. Jared Cohen Mr. Tavernia AP World History - P.4 Packet D Social: Footbinding Footbinding is a practice among women that was very common in China. In summary, the girl's feet were tightly bound to prevent growth. The concept of foot binding began around the 10th or 11th century when court dancers started the custom. In the Song Dynasty, the concept became popular enough to spread across all castes. Footbinding was used to show the wealth of the family. The belief was that if the woman was from a wealthy family, they did not need to work, thus allowing them to have their feet bound. Over time, the concept of footbinding was seen as a representation of beauty. Throughout history, certain emperors tried to ban the concept of food binding. Until the early 1900's foot binding was extremely common. It finally became extinct after several campaigns fought for the banning of foot binding. Problems associated several health with footbinding. The most common problem was an infection. The small shoes often led to ingrown nails, which would cause infections. In some cases, the toenails can be completely taken out of the feet. In addition to constant infections, necrosis, or the death of cells/tissues, was extremely common. The tight spaces the feet were in led to the lack of circulation in the foot. This led to poor healing and, over time, rotting cells. The rotting sensation is caused by the interference of bacteria and them eating the flesh. The tightness of the footbinding can lead to toes following off and broken bones. The toes falling off were common because of infection, while the bones breaking were common because of the lack of comfort placed on the feet and the pressure from standing and moving. One of 10 girls died from infections from footbinding. Sydni Dichter Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 December 13, 2016 Social: Sati Sati is a ritual followed by upper-class Hindu woman when widowed. The widow throws herself onto her husband’s pyre to commit honorable suicide. This is continuation of the seixsm and patriarchy that began before time. When a man’s wife dies, he is not expected to kill himself, but of course what is a woman without her man? Luckily Ibn Battuta tried to make it clear that sati was an optional practice, but some more traditional women did it. Today committing sati or forcing someone to do sati is illegal. Ben Geller Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet D Social: Serfs Being a serf is the status of peasant in the feudalism system. Serfs became prominent in the High Middle Ages in Europe. Serfs are essentially slaves in the middle ages. Serves started to work for specific people and had no choice but to work because of their dramatically low status of being a peasant. Also, the serfs may also have to work in the fields or wherever the person in charge decides they need to do for them. The only way for a serf to get out of his/her job is by rebelling, which has not worked well in history with the rich and poor rebelling. In the serfs point of view the rich have won way too many times to rebel. There are near to no net benefits on the side of the serfs. The serf does not have control of himself besides his natural rights as a human hitch are even sometimes exposed. This is not common, but this may happen often with consequence for not doing a sufficient job. The serfs fall under the social theme in this course because being a serf is literally a social status. Also, being a serf means you have several roles as playing their respective spot in the social hierarchy, which also links to the theme. Annita Huang Mr. Tavernia AP World/Period 4 Packet: D Theme 5: Foot-binding Foot-binding is when the feet are plunged into hot water and the toenails are clipped short and then the feet were massaged and oiled before all the toes, except the big toes, were broken and bound flat against the sole making it into a triangle shape. Next they would arch foot and was bent twice and finally, the feet were bound in place using a silk strip measuring ten feet long and two inches wide. The girls were forced to walk long distance to break the arch even more and as time passes by the binding gets tighter and tighter. Foot- binding was socially forced. This process is said to inspired by a dancer, Yao Niang, who bounded her feet into a shape of a new moon. The dancer entranced the Emperor Li Yu by dancing on her toes inside a six-foot golden lotus festooned with ribbons and precious stones. Gradually, court ladies start to pick this up and took up foot-binding, making it a status symbol among the elites. The most desirable bride possessed a three-inch foot known as the golden lotus. A four-inch was respectable and was called the silver lotus but five inches or longer were considered low. Laila Inan Mr. Tavernia PD Social 13 December 2016 Social: Footbinding For around ten centuries, successive generations of Chinese women endured a practice when, as children, their feet were broken and shaped. The tradition, known as foot binding, eventually came to symbolize China's backwardness, a relic from the country's distant past.The first recorded binding occurred in the Five Dynasties and Ten States period in the 10th century. An emperor had a favorite concubine, a dancer who built a gilded stage in the shape of a lotus flower. When she bound her feet into a hoof-like shape and danced on the lotus, the practice became very fashionable; after all, she was the emperor's favorite concubine and the other concubines attempted to imitate her in order to gain the emperor's favor and love. So foot binding started with the royal court and then spread throughout China, beginning in the south of the counrtry and soon reaching the north. In the 12th century, foot binding had become much more widespread, and by the early Qing Dynasty -in the mid-17th century-, every girl who wished to marry had her feet bound. The only people who didn't bind their feet were the very poor, such as the ethnic Hakka people, and women who worked in fishing because they had needed to have normal feet in order to balance themselves on boats. Emily Irigoyen Tavernia AP World History/4 Packet D Foot binding: Theme 5 (Social) Footbinding is the practice of binding a woman’s foot which caused broken bones and decreased mobility in women. This was to prevent the capability of women to be mobile, since people believed that the more movement a woman makes the more damaged her birthing organs would become. This is an example of an eastern Asian continuation of a patriarchy as this affected women's rights. Footbinding is usually seen in women of elite status in which women with smaller feet are generally seen to be more “valuable” to men, since they will be better birthers. Social:Footbinding Foot binding was the custom of binding the feet of young girls to prevent further growth. The practice originated among upper-class court dancers during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history, and soon became a symbol of status. Women from wealthy families did not have to work on the fields or anything like that so they didn’t rlly have to walk. It was subsequently adopted as a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. The Manchu Kangxi Emperor tried to ban foot binding in 1664 but failedThe practice was opposed by learned Chinese reformers but these challenges were ignored until the early 20th century. Olivia Lloyd Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 4 Packet D Social: Sati Sati is the old Hindu custom of a widow throwing herself onto her husband’s funeral pyre, or committing suicide in another manner after her husband’s death. The term comes from the goddess, Sati, who could not bear it after her father humiliated her husband, and so she killed herself. Although the Brahmins originally condemned the practice, it grew to be common among all the castes. Suicide was banned by the Hindu scripture, so sati was not considered suicide, but rather the highest form of womanly devotion and insurance of her family’s well being for generations. All of a widow’s belongings reverted to her family upon her death, so her family and her husband’s family might have pressured a woman to commit sati so they could obtain her possessions. It was criticized by Islam, Christianity, and even Hinduism, and so it was outlawed in 1827 by the governor of India. Proponents of sati claim it was voluntary in most cases, although the woman could have been influenced by societal pressures, family pressures, and in some instances, drugs. Despite its being outlawed, sati persisted in some areas of India, though this barbaric practice has largely declined over time. Footbinding Footbinding was a custom practiced in China, where a woman’s feet would be bound to the point that the bones in her foot would break. In going through this painful process, a woman would not be able to walk or move around in general without the help of others. The custom was practiced mostly among the elite women in China, because the poorer families needed the women to help work in the rice fields. The poorer women were needed for their working abilities, so they were spared from this painful custom. The elite women in China would have their feet bound from a very young age, usually starting between the ages of four and nine. The idea behind the custom was that a wife that was unable to move was a good wife. This tradition exercised the Confucian ideas of the five relationships in society. One of the relationships said that the husband was above the wife, and the wife was supposed to serve the husband. In breaking the bones of the women’s feet they were making the women submit to the men and be less than the man in society. The other idea of the footbinding was to show social status, because a woman who could afford to have her mobility taken away meant that she had many servants and did not have to work because of her wealth. Later footbinding became a sign of beauty and a woman strived to have small feet. The size of foot that was considered beautiful was three Chinese inches, which is about four inches in the American system of measurement. Foot binding continued to be popular despite attempts to end it. Throughout the years since footbinding was first implemented, many emperors have made attempts to end the practice though edicts, however, the edicts were ignored in an attempt to be accepted as beautiful in society. Finally in the beginning of the nineteenth century, foot binding was banned and continues to be banned in the Republic of China, however, the ban is not forcefully enforced, and footbinding occasionally continues to occur. Samantha Ross Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: D Social: Sati The role of a women was always to provide for her husband. When the husband died, the women were thought to serve no purpose in the world anymore. This is the reason for the practice of sati. This Hindu practice was when a recently widowed woman either by force or voluntarily commits suicide as a result of her husband’s death. The women would burn to death on her husband’s funeral pyre. Through her self-sacrifice, the widow would remain pure and through this, she illustrated her devotion to her husband. The practice of sati was found at every social level and in many castes. It existed for both non-educated women and educated women of the elite class. Kaitlyn Seese Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: D Footbinding and Sati Footbinding, which occurred in ancient China, is the practice of binding women’s feet which caused broken bones and decreased mobility in women. The practice of binding a woman’s foot began as early as childhood. This was usually seen in women of elite status in which women with smaller feet were generally seen as more valuable to men. The whole idea behind footbinding was that walking interfered with women’s ability to give birth (a woman’s main obligation), so taking away the ability to walk would solve that issue. Sati was an ancient practice of upper Hindu class widows in which the widow would throw herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. This practice was approved by social customs and continued until Ibn Battuta made it clear that this practice was optional rather than a mandatory obligation. Afterwards, the practice began to slowly die out. Sydney Stewart Mr Tavernia AP World History/Period 4 Packet D Social: Serfs Serfdom is the status of peasants under feudalism, relating to manorialism. Serfs who occupy a plot of land were required to work the land for the lord who owned it and were given protection and the right to use land on the manor to feed themselves in turn. Serfs were also required not only to work on the fields but also in his mines, forests and roads. Serfdom formed the basic unit of medieval society and serfs were bound legally by taxation and socially to the lord. Serfs were the lowest class of people in feudal societies and made up two percent of England. Serfdom declined due to Black Death in Western Europe and grew in Central and Eastern Europe after the renaissance. In Eastern Europe serfdom persisted until the mid-1800’s. Serfs has a specific role in society: in return for protection, a serf would live and work on a parcel of land within the manor of the Lord. A freeman became a serf usually through force or necessity. Noah Teixeira Mr.Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet D Social: Foot binding Foot binding was the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth. The practice possibly originated among upper-class court dancers during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Imperial China, then became popular during the Song dynasty and eventually spread to all social classes. Foot binding became popular as a means of displaying status (women from wealthy families, who did not need their feet to work, could afford to have them bound) and was correspondingly adopted as a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. Its prevalence and practice however varied in different parts of the country. Feet altered by binding were called lotus feet. Kathryn Treacy Mr. Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 Packet D: Medieval Civilizations Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Footbinding Footbinding is the practice of binding women’s feet which caused broken bones and decreased mobility in women. Usually seen in women of elite status in which women with smaller feet are generally seen to be more “valuable” to men. Women from wealthy families, who did not need their feet to work, could afford to have them bound. This practice started in the 19th century, toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, Western countries effectively colonized China and many Western people began to move to the country. This coincided with the height of foot binding, when the practice was most prevalent. In 1911, this practice was officially banned in China, however, the effect it had socially was virtually irreversible.