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Volcanoes By: Olivia X. plode R. Table of Contents About Volcanoes…………………………………………………. 1 What is a Volcano?................................................. 2 How do Volcanoes Work?...................................... 3 What are the Dangers of Volcanos?....................... 4 Volcano Studies………………………………………………….. 5 Glossary………………………………………………………………. 6 About Volcanoes Volcanoes are wonderful and terrible things. They are windows to the center of the earth and help scientists learn more about the inside of the earth. But they have many downsides too. If you want to know more about volcanoes, read on! A volcano erupting Exploding Facts Once, during a volcanic eruption, lightning struck into a volcano! A flowing lava river; the results of an eruption. 1 What is a Volcano? Volcanoes are basically mountains with lava, rocks and ashes in them. As the pressure grows, the magma pushes against the top. Something has to give. The sign that people should flee: a pyroclastic cloud. Boom! Soon the top does give and pyroclasts, magma and poisonous gasses throw themselves for miles around. Some little kids think that all that comes out of a volcano is lava. They are so wrong about that. All sorts of things come out of volcanoes. Some volcanoes are deceivers and everyone assumes they are just mountains because they haven’t erupted in such a long time. Then the volcano does something really sneaky and catches the people completely unawares and erupts. Then the people are too late and they die. Now you know a bit more about volcanoes. An ash cloud rising; the sign of an eruption. Exploding Facts Big eruptions can lower earth’s temperature by 1 degree 2 How Do Volcanoes Work? All the magma is held in the magma chamber. The pressure grows and soon the magma chamber bursts open and zips up the central vent, taking some buddies with it. It picks up A diagram of a land volcano. some ash from the ash deposit layer and some loose rocks from the hardened lava layer. They do not melt because they are hardened and they are used to the heat. It bursts out the crater, becomes lava, and builds on the volcano. The ashes fly into the air and some lava goes down the sides. That’s how a volcano works. A diagram of an underwater volcano. Exploding Facts The word “volcano” comes from the roman god of fire’s name. ;asdkfa’s;dlfka; VVVVVVCCCCCCCC C 3 What Are The Dangers Of Volcanoes? The lava melts and covers everything in its path. Poisonous gasses suffocate humans and animals because the poisonous gasses and ashes seep into their lungs and they can’t get enough oxygen to breath. A lava flow fresh out of the volcano. Exploding Facts Sometimes, after an eruption, poison can seep into water and create acid lakes! Pyroclastic flows and surges can travel along the ground a meter a second and humans can’t run that fast, can they? Plus, the ashes can get up to 1’100 degrees Fahrenheit! If they touched you, they could boil your skin! If the lava is too runny, it creates a lava flow beginning to harden. lahars, giant mud flows. They are heavy with debris and harden like cement. Trust me, an active volcano is something to stay away from. 4 Volcano Studies Exploding Facts Pyroclasts are used in spas to rub off dead skin. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology. Volcanoes help scientists learn more about the inside of the earth. They take 2 scientists scanning hardened lava flows. samples of lava and watch volcanoes erupt. Volcanoes help volcanologists and regular scientists a whole lot on information about the inside of the earth. A very runny lava flow Volcanoes also do a lot of other things. They turn up hardened bones and fossils. They turn up fragments of asteroids. They help us a whole lot. A scientist checking the temperature of a lava flow. 5 Glossary Magma- The molten rock material under the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed by cooling Pyroclastic- Composed chiefly of rock fragments of volcanic origin Poisonous- Capable of harming or killing by or as if by poison; toxic or venomous Magma chamber- a reservoir of magma in the earth's crust where the magma may reside temporarily on its way from the upper mantle to the earth's surface 6