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Anatomy-The structure
Physiology – How it works
I. Anatomy
A. Gross – Collective (whole)
B. Microscopic anatomy
1. Cytology - cellular
2. Histology – study of tissue
C. Levels of biological organization
1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level – mass of cells performing
a similar function
4. Organ – two or more tissues
5. System – several organs
6. Organism – all systems
D. Life Processes
1. Metabolism – sum of all chemical processes
a. Catabolism – breakdown of complex
molecules into simple molecules
b. Anabolism – use of energy from catabolism
to build vital structures, functional parts
2. Excitability – ability to respond
3. Conductivity – ability to transfer an
impulse from one cell to another
4. Contractility – ability to generate a
force resulting in shortening
5. Growth – increase in size
6. Differentiation – unspecialized cells become
specialized
7. Reproduction – formation of new cells for
growth, replacement or production of a new
individual
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
E. Systematic Anatomy
1. Integumentary - skin
2. Skeletal – bones,
cartilage and joints
3. Muscular – muscles
and tendons
4. Nervous – brain, spinal
nerves, sensory nerves,
sensory organs
5. Endocrine – glands
and tissue that secrete
hormones
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://w
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http://www.massgeneral.org/cancer/
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6. Cardiovascular – blood,
heart and vessels
7. Respiratory – lungs and
pathways
8. Reproductive – organs that
produce gametes and the
organs that nourish/transfer
them
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http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archim
ede/files/e8ebe68d-1ee7-4e8e-b018852786824b4d/23201000.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
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9. Digestive – Gastrointestinal tract and
accessory organs
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10. Urinary –kidneys, bladder,
urethra – production and
elimination of waste
11. Lymphatic – organs and tissue of
the white blood cells - immunity
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http://images.google.com/imag
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http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/her
brandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f241_lymphatic_system_c.jpg
II. Anatomic Terminology
A. Anatomic position
1. Planes and sections
a. Sagittal plane – divides into right and left
parasagittal – unequal, offset from the midline
Midsagittal – equal, down the midline
b. Frontal (coronal) – divides into anterior
and posterior
c. Transverse (horizontal or cross) –
divides into superior and inferior
d. Oblique - diagonal
B. Directional terms
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Ventral
4. Dorsal
5. Superior
6. Inferior
7. Proximal
8. Distal
9. Medial
10. Lateral
11. Superficial
12. Deep
III. Body Cavities
A. Dorsal – near back, posterior
1. Cranial - skull
2. Spinal – cavity within vertebrae containing
spinal card
B. Ventral – anterior, divided by diaphragm into:
1. Thoracic – chest cavity
a. Pleural – 2, one for each lung
b. Pericardial – surrounding the heart
c. Mediastinum – all structures in thoracic
except the lungs (heart, attached large
arteries & veins, thymus, trachea,
esophagus
2. Abdominopelvic – lower portion, abdominal
and pelvic, between diaphragm and pelvis,
lined with peritoneum
a. Organs – digestive and reproductive
b. Quadrants – four, used in medicine
c. Regions – anatomy uses nine (pg.18)
1. Umbilical
2. Epigastric
3. Hypogastric
4. Inguinal – right and left
5. Lumbar – right and left
6. Hypochondral – right and left
Anatomic Regions
IV. Homeostasis – condition in which balance
is maintained in the body’s internal
environment (remains within certain
physiological limits)
A. Composition – interstitial fluid
1. Gases - O2 and CO2
2. Nutrients – blood sugar, lipids, amino
acids
3. Electrolytes – pH, Na+ and Cl-
B. Stress – stimulus that creates an imbalance
(most are mild)
1. External - heat, cold, lack of oxygen
2. Internal – high blood pressure, tumors,
unpleasant thoughts
3. Extreme – poisons, sugar, over exposure to
heat
C. Control – nervous and endocrine systems
1. Nervous – detects and sends messages to
counteract
2. Endocrine – sends hormones
D. Feedback – information is monitored
and feedback given to the central
control region.
1. Receptor – sends input
to control center
2. Control center –
determines controlled
condition
3. Effector – sends
response