Download Chapter Expectations Language of Biology

C H A P T E R
10
R E V I E W
Chapter Expectations
Language of Biology
• Describe and explain the major processes,
mechanisms, and systems of digestive
systems. (10.1, 10.2, 10.3)
• Conduct laboratory investigations to be able
to illustrate and explain digestive systems.
(10.3)
• Evaluate the impact of personal lifestyle
decisions on the health of humans. (10.4)
• Describe the importance of nutrients and
digestion. (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4)
• Select and integrate information about the
digestive systems from various print and
electronic sources. (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4)
• Analyze and explain how societal needs
have led to scientific and technological
developments related to the digestive
system. (10.3, 10.4)
• Present informed opinions about how
scientific knowledge of the digestive system
influences personal choices concerning
nutrition and lifestyle. (10.4)
Write a sentence using each of the following words or
terms. Use any six terms in a concept map to show
your understanding of how thay are related.
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essential nutrient
autotrophs
intracellular digestion
papillae
saliva
ducts
regurgitation
chyme
small intestine
villi
jejunum
large intestine
appendix
feces
anal canal
peristalsis
substrate
hormone
secretin
pancreas
insulin
balanced diet
complete protein
vitamin
vegetarian
nicotine
psychoactive drugs
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heterotrophs
digestive system
extracellular digestion
uvula
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
pyloric sphincter
duodenum
lacteal
ileum
caecum
colon
rectum
anus
digestion
amylase
gastrin
liver
gall bladder
glucagon
cholesterol
mineral
coenzyme
vegan
caffeine
anabolic steroids
UNDE RSTAN DIN G CON CEPTS
1. In what way does the intracellular digestion in
single-celled organisms resemble extracellular
digestion?
8. Create a word equation for the digestion of an
example of each of the following: carbohydrate,
fat, protein.
2. Describe the tube concept as it relates to the
digestion of food.
9. Why is the liver such a major component of the
digestive system?
3. List, in order, the organs of the digestive tract
through which food passes in a human.
10. What role do hormones play in the secretion of
chemicals involved with digestion?
4. Explain the function of the esophagus.
5. What role(s) do the salivary glands play in the
process of digestion?
11. What is the consequence of having a gall
bladder removed with respect to a person’s
health and diet?
6. Explain the significance of the change in pH
from the stomach to the small intestine.
12. Why is it important to chew your food when
you eat?
7. Describe the structure of the walls of the
stomach and how this structure aids the
digestive process.
13. Why must the stomach be so acidic?
14. Given the acidic condition of the stomach,
explain how the stomach wall is maintained.
Nutrients, Digestion, and Nutrition • MHR
367
15. How would you expect the relative lengths of
the small intestines of a wolf and a cow to
compare? Explain.
20. Explain the difference between saturated and
unsaturated fats, and give dietary examples of
each.
16. Why must the pancreas secrete a an alkaline
(basic) substance, into the small intestine?
21. What effects does nicotine have on the body?
What long-term risks are associated with
tobacco use?
17. In terms of what takes place in the liver,
explain why it is important for vegetarians to
eat lots of grains and vegetables that contain a
variety of proteins.
18. Give two reasons why good nutrition is
important.
19. What two hormones work to regulate the level
of glucose in the blood, and where are they
produced?
22. Account for the fact that people around the
world eat vastly different foods and yet they
can all be healthy.
23. What would happen if a person was no longer
able to produce gastrin? Describe what effect
this would have on the digestion of food.
IN QU IRY
24. Design a simple lab activity to determine what
effect, if any, altering the concentration of an
enzyme would have on the rate of enzyme
action.
25. Design a “better” digestive system than the one
you have
26.The experiment below was set up to investigate
the digestion of egg white by pepsin. Answer
the following questions about the experiment.
(a) What was the researcher’s hypothesis?
(b) Explain the reason for having each test
tube.
(c) At approximately what temperature do you
think the incubator was set?
(d) What conclusions can you make about your
observations?
Incubator
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2
4
water
pepsin
water
HCl
water
pepsin
HCl
water
egg
white
egg
white
egg
white
egg
white
no
digestion
368
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little or no
digestion
no
digestion
MHR • Internal Systems and Regulation
digestion
27. Design a similar experiment for the digestion of
a food by amylase in the saliva.
28. René Réaumur (1683–1757) wrote a great
treatise on insects. He also invented a method
of coating iron with tin which is still used
today. This diverse scientist did an interesting
experiment on digestion in 1752. He put
perforated metallic tubes containing food into
the beaks of certain birds. Because he was a
good naturalist, he knew which birds
regurgitate the indigestible remains of their
food, thus he used these birds for his
experiment. When he removed the tubes from
the birds’ digestive tracts, they were empty.
This gave evidence that something in addition
to grinding or crushing was occurring in the
stomach.
(a) What do you think Réaumur’s hypothesis
was?
(b) Some people would say this experiment is
cruel to the animal. Do you think such
experiments should have been done?
Should they be done today? Support your
answer with an explanation.
(c) Describe a follow-up experiment you think
Réaumur might have considered.
COMMU N ICATIN G
29. You have been asked to speak to a group of
mothers-to-be about the benefits of a healthy
diet and of folic acid in particular. Using full
sentences, outline the key points your speech
will emphasize.
30. Do some research to find out more about the
way in which Venus flytraps and sundews
catch and digest their food. Write a short report
that compares their feeder type and digestive
process with that of mammals. Be sure to
include drawings that show how the plants
capture their prey.
31. Alcoholism is considered to be a disease by
some health professionals, marked by, among
other things, the inability of the alcoholic to
control his or her drinking. Excessive
consumption of alcoholic beverages can also
lead to other diseases such as cirrhosis of the
liver. In cirrhosis, liver cells die and are
replaced by scar tissue, which can prove fatal.
If cirrhosis has progressed too far, the only
treatment may be a costly human liver
transplant. Such livers are in very short supply,
and may in turn be damaged if their recipients
continue drinking alcohol. In small groups,
debate the ethics of offering organ transplants
to people who place their health at risk
because of lifestyle choices. Note that some
professionals have suggested that genetic
factors may predispose certain people to
alcoholism.
M A KIN G CON N ECTION S
32. The rate of colon cancer is relatively high
among Canadians and relatively low among
citizens of China. How can you account for this
difference?
33. For health reasons, particularly to fight cancer,
certain organs of the digestive system may be
removed or altered. Which organs are vital to
digestion and, thus, could not be removed?
Nutrients, Digestion, and Nutrition • MHR
369