Download Chap 10- Ecosystems notes.pptx

Ecosystems Chapter 10 Rela%onships between living things and their environment. Living Things and their Environment Chap 10, sec9on 1 Habitat •  Organism – any living thing (from bacteria to humans) •  Living things depend on their environment (their surroundings) to live; for food, shelter, water, etc. •  An environment that provided these things for an organism is its Habitat. •  A single area can have many habitats for different organisms. •  Different organisms need different habitats because they have different needs. Think of examples Bio9c Factors of Environment • 
• 
• 
• 
Bio = “living” Bio9c = The living parts of a habitat Living, once living, or produced by living thing. Examples; other like organisms, prey, predators, food, etc Abio9c Factors The Non-­‐living parts of a habitat. •  Water – all need water to live, made of water •  Sunlight – needed for plants to photosynthesis. •  Oxygen – produced by plants, needed by all •  Temperature – adapta9on to temp. •  Soil – billions of microscopic organisms live in soil. •  Etc. Organiza9on levels •  Popula:ons – all members of one species in an area. (ex; all seagulls at the coast) –  A species is a group of organisms that are similar and can mate to produce fer9le offspring. •  Communi:es – all the different popula9ons that live together in an area. (ex; sea gulls, other birds, fish, crabs, etc at the coast) •  Ecosystems – The community of living things and all the non-­‐living surroundings in an area. Each thing is dependent on others. All needs are met within an ecosystem. (ex; a pond) Organiza9on Con9nuum Organisms Popula9ons Communi9es Ecosystem See pg 397 •  All parts of an ecosystem interact and are dependent on each other. •  The study of this is called Ecology An Ecosystem •  All living and non-­‐living things in an area – interac9ng with one another. •  Any change effects the whole ecosystem. •  Ecosystems are self-­‐sustaining. All needs are met; food, shelter, oxygen, water, etc. Popula9ons Chap 10, Sec9on 2 Popula9on Size Popula9ons change in size as new are added and other. •  Births and Deaths -­‐ birthrate = number of births over a period of 9me. (deathrate = opposite) •  Immigra9on (in) & Emigra9on (out) – organisms come and go for various reasons; food source, ma9ng, etc. See graph pg 401 and ac9ve art Limi:ng Factors of Popula9on size An environmental factor that causes a popula9on to stop growing. •  Food and Water – without these essen9als, popula9ons can’t grow. The carrying capacity drops. •  Space – limits growth •  Light – par9cularly plants. •  Soil composi:on – par9cularly plants •  Weather – extreme condi9ons can limit popula9ons Energy Flow in Ecosystems Chap 10, sect 3 Energy Rolls in Ecosystems •  Each member of an ecosystem has a roll. •  The roll is determines by how it obtains energy and how it interacts with other organisms. Three classifica9ons; •  Producers •  Consumers •  Decomposers Producers •  Most energy comes from sunlight •  Plants (producers) make their own food by capturing sunlight (photosynthesis). •  As they produce this food, they are also producing oxygen. Consumers •  Organisms that can not make their own food have to obtain it from other living things. •  These are called Consumers •  Animals are consumers. •  When they eat plants or other animals, the energy is transferred from one organism to another Types of Consumers •  Herbivores – Animals that eat only plants (deer, rabbits, cows, etc) •  Carnivores – Animals that eat only other animals/meat. (lions, etc) •  Omnivores – Consumers that eat both plants and animals. (humans, bears, etc) •  Some carnivores are scavengers, which feed off of dead organisms (vultures) Decomposers •  Decomposers break down waste and dead organisms as food. •  They return raw materials back to the ecosystem. •  Think of them as recyclers. •  Mushrooms and bacteria are examples. Food Chains •  A series of events showing transfer of energy from organism to organism. Energy from sun Producer (plant) 1st consumer 2nd consumer Decomposers 3rd consumer Food Web •  A food chain shows only one possible path where energy moves through ecosystem. •  More realis9cally it is a food web with overlapping food chains. •  Organism usually eat a variety of things. Food Web Energy Pyramid •  When an organism obtains energy by ea9ng, it uses that energy to move, hunt, stay warm, grow, etc. About 90% •  Meaning only some of the energy it obtains will be available for the next organism in the food web. About 10% •  An Energy Pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another. •  Most energy is at the producer level, less as you move up. •  The wide base of pyramid show the amount of producers need to support fewer animals. •  There are usually fewer organisms at the higher levels Energy Pyramid *Decomposers feed on remains or wastes of organisms at each level of pyramid. Interac9ons of Living Things Chap 10, sec9on 4 Interac9ons of Living Things • 
• 
• 
• 
Adapta9on Compe99on Preda9on Symbiosis Adap9ng to Environment •  Each organism has unique characteris9cs •  The characteris9cs affect an organisms ability to survive. •  A niche – the roll of an organism within its habitat. (producer, consumer, etc) •  Characteris9cs that help an organism survive, to help them adapt to their environment are beneficial. Natural Selec9on •  Natural Selec9on – passes on those favorable characteris9cs from genera9on to genera9on. •  Individuals who have characteris9cs that help them survive, con9nue to pass on those traits. •  Those traits that do not help a species to survive, eventually die out. •  This results in Adapta9ons, that help organisms to survive. •  “Survival of the Fieest.” See Giraffe video Compe99on •  Organisms with different niches usually do not compete. •  If two or more organisms feed on the same source, then there is compe99on. •  Compe99on – There are limited resources, if there is compe99on, once species will eventually win, the others will adapt or die off. Darwin’s Finches Preda9on •  Preda:on; When one organism kills another organism for food. •  The organism that does the killing is the predator. •  The one that is killed is the prey. •  There are usually cycles; The more predator, the less prey. However, the less prey, the less food there is for the predators, so they die off. •  Ecosystems always find “Balance.” Predator/Prey Adapta9ons •  Predators have adapta:ons that help them kill their prey. (run fast, s9ngers, claws, hunt at night, poison, echoloca9on, etc) •  Prey Adapta:ons; Prey have adap9ons that help them avoid gegng killed. (ex; speed, smell, poison, coloring, etc.) Animal Colora9on Symbiosis •  Symbiosis – a close rela9onship between two species that benefit at least one of them. •  Three types: –  Mutualism –Rela9onship in which both species benefit. (ex; bee-­‐flower, lichen) –  Commensalism – One benefits, other is neither helped or harmed. (ex; hawk building nest in cactus) –  Parasi:sm – One benefits, the other is harmed. One is a parasite, the other is a host. (ex; fleas, 9cks, leeches)