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Substance Abuse and Crime Drug--Related Crime Drug Review of the Drug--Crime Connection Drug Scenario 1: Drugs as crime Scenario 2: Drugs g causing g crime Scenario 3: Drugs and crime influenced by common variables Perspectives on the DrugDrug-Crime Connection: Policy Implications DRUGS CONDITIONS CRIME 1 Youth Violence and Illicit Drug Use NSDUH research indicates strong link Dimensions – General SA and violence – Variation across drug type & frequency of use – Variation across youth & community characteristics Percentages of Youths Aged 12 to 17 Engaging in Past Year Violent Behavior, by Number of Illicit Drugs Used in the Past Year Percentages of Youths Aged 12 to 17 Engaging in Past Year Violent Behavior, by Type of Illicit Drug Used in Past Year 2 Percentages of Youths Aged 12 to 17 Who Took Part in Serious Fighting at School or Work in the Past Year, by Level of Alcohol Use: 2003 Percentages of Youths Aged 12 to 17 Who Took Part in Group-Against-Group Fight in the Past Year, by Level of Alcohol Use: 2003 Percentages of Youths Aged 12 to 17 Who Carried a Handgun in the Past Year, by Level of Alcohol Use: 2003 3 What is it about drugs that may contribute to crime? Direct (pharmacological) effects? Cost of drugs to drug users? User characteristics? Legal status? Three Models of Drugs & Crime (Goode) Enslavement (aka medical) model – People “enslaved” by drug use – Normally law abiding, but commit crimes to support habit Predisposition (aka criminal) model – Drug users/addicts as deviant rulebreakers – Drug use as reflection of antisocial tendencies Intensification model – “Middle ground” based on empirical evidence – Drug use intensifies and perpetuates criminal behaviors Goldstein’s Framework Based on study of NYC homicides in1980’s Tri--partite Typology Tri y gy – Pharmacological Violence – Economic Economic--Compulsive Violence – Systemic Violence 4 Evidence Regarding Goldstein’s Framework Pharmacological--driven Violence Pharmacological – Prominence of alcohol – Facilitator as opposed to predictor – Little evidence of other drugs routinely leading to pharmacological violence Economic-compulsive Violence Economic– Strong evidence for phenomenon – Shift in robbery robbery--burglary trends during surge in crack use Systemic Violence – Strongest relationship of the three – Prominent in debates over legalization and decriminalization – Occurs most in environments that: Are socially disorganized (absence of social controls) Have high rates of interpersonal violence Economically disadvantaged Selective Inhibition Hypothesis Argues against deterministic/universal view of substances causing violence Multiple social factors influencing potential for violent responses – Actor relationships – Cultural norms of actors – Situational factors – Actions (or inactions) of bystanders Role of Psychopathology Co--Occurring Disorders Co – Substance abuse/dependence with Axis I mental illness – Substance abuse/dependence with Axis II personality disorder Role of substance abuse in prediction of violence among individuals with SMI “Self--medication” of individuals with APD “Self – Some drugs may in fact decrease risk of violence 5 Goldstein’s Framework Revisited Tri--partite Typology Tri – Pharmacological Violence – Economic Economic--Compulsive Violence – Systemic Violence All three assume simple and direct association between drugs and violence Roots of violence actually quite complex – Antecedent influences (developmental, cultural) – Conditional influences (pharmacological, social, economic, situational) Need for more interactive perspective Perspectives on the DrugDrug-Crime Connection: Policy Implications DRUGS CONDITIONS CRIME 6