Download Managing Power Quality Issues

Managing Power
Quality Issues
Questline Academy
November 4, 2015
Mike Carter
Justin Kale
2

Economic Value

Productivity

Customer Confidence

How often do you deal with power quality
problems at your facility?
a) A few times a year.
b) At least once per month.
c) Once per week.

What Is Power Quality?

Power Quality Symptoms

What Is Normal?

What Is Acceptable?

Power Quality Approach
◦ Fix it first!
◦ Ride-through Solutions
◦ Protection/Compensation Schemes

Other Power Quality Solutions

Power Quality Standards

Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or
frequency deviations that results in failure or
misoperation of customer equipment
◦ Generally, quality of the voltage
◦ Surveys show that 65% to 85% of
power quality problems are the
result of something happening
within the facility
 On the customer side of the point of
common coupling (PCC)
◦ PCC—the point between the end user or customer where another
customer can be served
◦ Perfect power quality is not attainable

Electromagnetic Phenomena (IEEE 1159)
◦ Transients
 Impulsive
 Oscillatory
◦ Short-duration variations (0.5 cycles – 1 minute)
◦ Long-duration variations (> 1 minute)
◦ Voltage imbalance/unbalance
◦ Inductance and capacitance effects
 Power Factor
◦ Waveform distortion
 Harmonics
 Noise
◦ Voltage fluctuation/flicker (<25 Hz)

Electromagnetic Phenomena
◦ Transients—short-term (generally < 0.5 cycle)
frequency change in the steady-state condition.
◦ Low frequency transients
Images source: PQ Network
◦ High frequency transients (~100 kHz)

Electromagnetic Phenomena
◦ Short-duration variations (0.5 cycles – 1 minute)
◦ Long-duration variations (> 1 minute)
Category
Instantaneous
Typical Duration
0.5-30 cycles
Category
Voltage Magnitude
Interruption
<0.1 pu*
Momentary
30 cycles – 3 seconds
Sag (dip)
0.1 – 0.9 pu
Temporary
3 seconds – 1 minute
Swell
1.1 – 1.8 pu
Sag
Category
Interruption, sustained
Swell
Voltage Magnitude
0.0 pu*
Overvoltages
1.1 – 1.2 pu
Undervoltages
0.8 – 0.9 pu
*pu = per unit

Electromagnetic Phenomena
◦ Voltage imbalance/unbalance (phase-to-phase)
 Causes overheating that deteriorates motor winding insulation
 Decreases efficiency
216 V
208 volt service
(average)
3.8% 
201 V
207 V
Goal
Do Not
Operate
Unbalance
Derating
1%
None
2%
95%
3%
88%
4%
82%
5%
75%
100 HP
88 HP

Electromagnetic Phenomena
◦ Inductance and Capacitance
 Power factor (PF)
• PF correction capacitors are generally the
most economical solution.
• Concerns to be addressed:
o
o
o
Voltage rise (delta V)
Harmonic resonance
Capacitor switching transients
Source: Alibaba
kW = Real power
KVA = Apparent power
KVAR = Reactive power
Power Factor = Real/Apparent = kW/KVA
= 75/106 = 70%
KVA = sqrt (kW 2 + KVAR2)
= sqrt [(752) + (752) ] = 106
40 kVAR

What percentage of power quality
problems originate from inside the
utility customer’s facility?
a) 5% to 10%
b) 40% to 50%
c) 65% to 85%

Electromagnetic Phenomena
◦ Waveform distortion—Harmonics
 IEEE 519 Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems
•
Specifies a maximum of 0.01% to 3.0% Total Demand Distortion (TDD)
•
Depends on the short-circuit ratio at the PCC (measures stiffness of circuit)

 Odd harmonic multiples of 3rd harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th) are additive
 Sources—variable speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies,
electronic ballasts, and inverter welding power supplies
 Symptoms—overheating, audible humming noise, capacitor failure,
and circuit breaker nuisance trips
Image source: Micro-Poise Measurement Systems

Electromagnetic Phenomena
◦ Waveform distortion – Noise
 EMI (electromagnetic interference) is the disruption of an electronic
device’s operation when it is in the vicinity of an electromagnetic field in the
radio frequency (RF) spectrum that is caused by another electronic device
(conducted or radiated)
Periodic
Continuous
• Very Low Frequency (VLF) is 3 kHz to 30 kHz; audible
• High Frequency is 3 MHz to 30 MHz; CB radio
• Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is 300 MHz to 3,000 MHz; microwave ovens
• Super High Frequency is 3 GHz to 30 GHz; radar

Sags are mostly instantaneous (<30 cycles)
◦ Duration of 166ms (10 cycles) or less
◦ Depth of 20% to 30%
 Usually caused by weather, trees, and public interference
 Average of 28 distribution sags per year
<1 minute (70% are single-phase)

Interruptions
◦ In the EPRI study, 37% < 0.5 seconds
and 66% < 1.5 seconds
 Average of 1 to 2 per year at
distribution level

Typical Recloser Operation During a Feeder Fault
68% Cleared on First Quick trip
Fault Current
27% Cleared on Second and Third
Relay
.3 - 2.0 seconds
5% Go to Lock Out
Quick Trip
6-12 cycles
Load Current
lockout
Faulted
Feeder
Open
35 seconds
15 seconds
13 cycles
Fault
Initiated
Close
Open
Close
Open
.3 - 2.0 seconds
100%
Voltage
6-12 cycles
13 cycles
35 seconds
15 seconds
0%
Adjacent
Feeder
.3 - 2.0 seconds
13 cycles
15 seconds
35 seconds
100%
Voltage
0%
6-12 cycles
— Is normal voltage — is abnormal voltage
Time
*Image courtesy of Progress Energy
Close
Open

The national standard in the U.S. is ANSI C84.1
◦ Range A is for normal conditions
 +/- 5% on a 120-volt base at the service entrance
 -2.5% to +5% for services above 600 volts
◦ Range B is for short durations or unusual conditions
ANSI C84.1 Requirements for Voltage Regulation
Range A
Base
Range B
+5%
-5%
+5.8%
-8.3%
120V
126
114
127
110
480V
504
456
508
440


Voltage variation
tolerance curves
The ITIC* (CBEMA)
curve
No
Interruption
Region
+/- 5%
No
Interruption
Region
*ITIC– Information Technology Industry Council
Source: ITIC

Systematic approach
1. Fix it first!
2. Make it survive or ride-through.
3. Compensate when it does occur.

Which occurs more frequently?
a) Interruptions
b) Sags

Which lasts longer each occurrence?
a) Interruptions
b) Sags

Add a power quality relay to identify
power quality problems
◦ PQube three-phase and single-phase
monitoring up to 690V, 50/60Hz.
 Voltage dips, swells, and interruptions
– waveforms and RMS graphs
 Frequency events, impulse detection,
time-triggered snapshots
 Daily, weekly, monthly trends. Cumulative
probability, histograms, and more.
 Built-in Li-Ion UPS.
Source: Power Standards Lab

A two to three second ride-through will handle
90% of short-duration interruptions

Use DC instead of AC
◦ Control circuits, controllers, input/output
devices (I/O), and sensors
AC Relay Drop-Out
Source: EPRI Solutions

Increase voltage headroom (brownout, <50% sag)
◦ Choose a different power supply setting range
270V
 Where your nominal operating voltage is
nearer the top of the range
 For a 240 voltage, choose 95 V to 250 V
versus 110 V to 270 V (bad for swells)
◦ Connect your single-phase power supply
phase-to-phase
 208 V versus 120 V for a 90 V to 250 V device
because 90 V is 45% of 208 V but 70% of 120 V
250V
240V
110V
95V
250V
208V
◦ Reduce the load on your power supply
◦ Use a bigger power supply
 Would be more lightly loaded
120V
90V
Possible Solutions (continued)

Change the unbalance, undervoltage,
or reset trip settings to achieve
ride-through
◦ IEEE P1668 contains draft ride-through
recommendations
Stock photo ID:70086725

Select appropriate circuit breakers (trip curves)

Slow the Emergency Off (EMO)
relay down
◦ Increase mechanical mass
(such as a contactor)
◦ Use a relay hold-in accessory
Source: Power Quality Solutions Inc.
Source: Siemens AG
• Compensate for the upstream voltage sag itself
o Last resort!
Redundancy
Generator
UPS
Power Conditioning
Surge Protection Devices
Good System Design
Wiring and Grounding
Source: Liebert Corporation
Cost

Facility
►
Equipment
Cost
►
Component

What is the first step before achieving
increased ride-through capability?
a) Compensate for deviations.
b) Fix the source problem.
c) Make equipment survive.
Solid-State Voltage Compensation

Static transfer switch (STS)
◦ Utility level protection
◦ When a dual distribution feeder service is available

Low-voltage static series compensator (LV-SSC)
◦ Facility level protection
◦ Dynamic Voltage Restorer/Compensator (DVR/DVC)
◦ Dynamic Sag Corrector (MegaDySC)
 From 263 kVA to 1330 kVA
 For ride-through
• Down to 50% of nominal voltage
• Up to 12 cycles with no energy storage
Source: Leonardo ENERGY

Solid-State Voltage Compensation
◦ Dynamic Sag Corrector (MegaDySC)—from 263-1330 kVA
 For ride-through to 50% of nominal voltage for up to 12 cycles
with no battery storage.
12 cycles
50
0.2

Backup Generators
◦ Capital costs
Capital Costs, $/kW
Diesel
Natural
Gas
Microturbine
Fuel
Cell
$150$250
$200$300
$1,000
$3,000$4,000
◦ Installation costs
 Roughly 50% of the purchase cost, and can approach
$10,000 for a 100 kW unit
 Does not change drastically with size, so there is
no penalty for oversizing
◦ Maintenance costs
 $500 to $1,000 per year
• Includes an oil change and tune up every 1,500 hours
 Major overhaul at 24,000 hours is roughly $20,000
from
Utility

from
Utility
Automatic Transfer Switches
◦ Open-transition break before-make switching
to
Loads
To
Loads
 Lowest cost
 Most reliable
 Requires one-half to three seconds decay interval
from
Generator
Set
from
Generator
Set
◦ Fast closed-transition make before-break switching
 Paralleling of both sources (<100 milliseconds) during the transfer period
 Requires splitting the loads into small portions and controlling transfer
sequence
 Frequency transients will be imposed on the system
• May be just as disruptive (or worse) as a short total interruption
◦ Soft closed-transition make before-break switching
 Synchronizes and then gradually transfers the facility loads
 Typical disturbances in voltage and frequency are eliminated

Generator Compatibility with UPS
◦ UPS feeds non-linear harmonics to generators
 Power pulsations upon load changes
 Overheating
 Bypass not available alarms from the UPS
◦ Possible Solutions
 Oversize the generator (2 to 5X UPS rating)
 Add linear loads to generator (even a load bank)
 Increase generator insulation from class F to class H
 Specify lowest temperature rise alternator, typically 105ºC rise over a 40ºC
ambient
 Specify a generator set reactance/impedance of 15% or less.
 Specify high-speed automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) that provide pulsewidth modulated output
 Use permanent magnet generator (PMG) supported excitation system to
separately power the AVR

Top Nine Reasons Generators Fail to Start
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Battery failure
Low coolant levels
Low coolant temperature alarms
Oil, fuel, or coolant leaks
Controls not in auto
Air in the fuel system
Ran out of fuel
High fuel level alarm
Breaker trip
Source: Darren Dembski of Peterson Power Systems
Source: LLNL

Voltage Dip-Proofing Inverter (DPI)
◦ Square-wave output to the load
◦ An off-line device
 Transfer time less than 700 s
 Up to 3 kVA and 25A for 120V
 Up to 4.5 kVA and 20A for 208/230V
◦ Good for interruptions and sags

Voltage Dip Compensators (VDC)
◦ Good for sags down to 36% for
two seconds
Source: Measurlogic, Inc.

Dynamic Sag Corrector (ProDySC)
◦ From 9 to 167 kVA

Constant Voltage Transformers/
Ferroresonant Transformers
◦ Maintains two separate magnetic paths
with limited coupling between them
◦ Provides 90% output at input voltage
range of ±40%
◦ Inefficient at low loads
◦ Current limited
 Not good for high inrush current applications such as motors
◦ Size at least 2.5 times the nominal VA requirement of the load

What two metrics determine what type of
compensation equipment to use?
a) Duration
b) Frequency
c) Harmonic distortion
d) Magnitude

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
◦ Three types
 Online or true UPS (double conversion)
 Offline UPS (standby battery and inverter)
 Hybrid or line-interactive or direct ferroresonant transformer UPS
◦ Energy Storage (≈50% of system cost)
 Lead Acid Batteries
 Flywheels
 Ultra-capacitors
◦ UPS cost
 $300-2,000 per KVA
• 5 KVA for doctor’s office is $1,500 to $2,000
• 10-20 kW for retail chain is $15,000 to $20,000
• 1 MW for data center is $400,000 plus $200,000 installation
 Flywheel is 50% more
Source: LBNL

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
◦ Online UPS (double conversion or true online)





Continuously powers the load
No switchover time
Best power conditioning
Best waveform
Delta converter more efficient than double conversion
Delta Conversion
Utility
Utility
Delta
Converter
Utility
Load
Inverter
DC
DC
AC
AC
Battery
Delta Conversion
Load
Charger
Inverter
DC
DC
AC
AC
Battery
Standard Operation
Load
Charger
Inverter
DC
DC
AC
AC
Battery
Power Interruption

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
◦ Offline UPS (standby)
 Only supplies power when power is interrupted
 Switchover time can be a problem
 Square nature of sine wave can cause problems
 Only conditions power during interruption
Utility
Utility
Load
Load
Charger
Inverter
DC
DC
AC
AC
Battery
Standard Operation
Charger
Inverter
DC
DC
AC
AC
Battery
Power Interruption

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
◦ Hybrid or line-interactive UPS
 Supplies additional power during sags
 Provides some power conditioning
◦ Hybrid direct ferroresonant transformer
 UPS supports voltage regulation of ferroresonant transformer
 Maintains output briefly when a total outage occurs
 Can be unstable with PF-corrected power supply loads
Utility
Load
Inverter
DC
AC
Battery
Line-interactive Standard Operation
Utility
Load
Charger
Inverter
DC
DC
AC
AC
Battery
Ferroresonant Transformer

Coil Hold-In Devices, such as Coil-Lock
◦ Provides ride-through for a 75% voltage drop
for up to three seconds
◦ $100 to $140 per unit
Images source: Power Quality Solutions Inc.

Dynamic Sag Corrector (MiniDySC)—from
1.2 kVA to 12 kVA

UPPI PoweRide
◦ Uses two phases of a three-phase supply as input and a
single-phase output; up to 10 kVA
◦ Works when one of the two input phases is lost
AND
the remaining phase drops by 33%
OR
when both of the input phases
experience a 33% drop in voltage

Harmonics
Solutions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Active Filters
Can handle load diversity
Highest cost
Broadband Blocking Filters
Makes 6-pulse into 18-pulse equivalent at
reasonable cost
One filter per drive
12/18-Pulse Converter
Excellent harmonic control for larger drives
(>100 HP)
High cost
Harmonic Mitigating/Phase
Shifting Transformers
Substantial (50-80%) reduction in
harmonics when used in tandem
Harmonic cancellation highly
dependent on load balance
Tuned Filters
A single filter can compensate for multiple
drives
Care is needed to ensure that the
filter will not become overloaded
K-Rated/Drive Isolation
Transformers
Offers series reactance (like line reactors)
and provides electrical isolation for some
transient protection
No advantage over reactors for
reducing harmonics unless used in
pairs for phase shifting
DC Choke
Slightly better than AC line reactors for 5th
and 7th harmonics and less voltage drop
Not always an option for drives
Line reactors
Inexpensive
May require additional
compensation

Harmonic Resonance
◦ Large amounts of capacitance in parallel with inductance
 For example PF correction and welders
◦ Initiated by two events
 Harmonic producing loads are operating on the power system
 Capacitor(s) and the source impedance have the same
reactance (impedance) at one of the load characteristic frequencies
◦ Two possible solutions
 Apply another method of KVAR compensation
• Harmonic filter, active filter, condenser, and so on
OR
 Change the size of the capacitor bank
• Over-compensate or under-compensate
for the required KVAR and live with
the ramifications
Source: Eaton Performance Power Solutions

Transients
◦ Transient Voltage Surge Protection Device (SPD)
◦ EMI Solutions
 Use of Shielded/Armor Cable
 Use a common-mode
choke (CMC)
Source: The Engineering Handbook

Transients
◦ EMI Solutions (continued)
 Separate control/signal cables from high-voltage wires
 Ground the power conductors to the cabinet ground bus
and motor ground and place them in a conduit
 Capture/return emissions to the source with EMI Filters
Source: The Engineering Handbook

Voltage Imbalance/Unbalance
◦ Regularly monitor voltages at the
motor terminals
 Verify that voltage unbalance < 3%
(ANSI C84.1-2006)
◦ Install phase monitors/protectors
8-Pin Case
Source: Time Mark Corporation
Surface Mount Case


Would you like someone from PSE&G
to contact your to provide guidance on
power quality issues?
a)
Yes
b)
No
How valuable has this Webinar been to you?
a) Not valuable at all.
b) Slightly valuable.
c) Moderately valuable.
d) Very valuable.
e) Extremely valuable.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

IEEE 1159—Monitoring Electric Power Quality
◦ 1159.1—Guide for Recorder and Data Acquisition Requirements for
Characterization of Power Quality Events
◦ 1159.2—Power Quality Event Characterization
◦ 1159.3—Data File Format for Power Quality Data Interchange

IEEE P1564—Voltage Sag Indices

IEEE 1346-1998—Recommended Practice For Evaluating Electric
Power System Compatibility With Electronic Process Equipment

IEEE C62.72-2007—Guide for the Application of Surge-Protective
Devices for Low-Voltage (1000 V or Less) AC Power Circuits

IEEE P1100-2005—Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic
Equipment (Emerald Book)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
 IEEE/ANSI Std 141 Recommended Practice for Electric
Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (the Red Book)
 IEEE 1250—Guide for Service to Equipment Sensitive to
Momentary Voltage Disturbances (ride-through)
 IEEE 1433—Power Quality Definitions
 IEEE 1453-2004—Recommended Practice for
Measurement and Limits of Voltage Flicker on AC Power
Systems
 IEEE 519-1992—Harmonic Control in Electrical Power
Systems
 IEEE 519A—Guide for Applying Harmonic Limits on
Power Systems
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

IEEE P1668/DO Draft Recommended Practice for Voltage Sag
Ride-Through and Compliance Testing for End-Use Electrical
Equipment Less Than 1,000 Volts
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

ANSI C62—Guides and standards on surge protection

ANSI C84.1-2006—Electric Power Systems and Equipment Voltage Ratings (60 Hz)

ANSI C57.110—Transformer derating for supplying non-linear loads
UL (Underwriters Laboratories)

UL 1449 (3rd Ed.)—Standard for Surge Protective Devices
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
 IEC 61000-2-2 (2002-03) Environment—Compatibility levels
for low-frequency conducted disturbances

IEC 61000-4-11 Testing and Measurement Techniques—
Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions and Voltage Variations
Immunity Tests (for equipment with input  16A per Phase)

IEC 61000-4-34 Voltage Variations Immunity Tests—(for
equipment with input current > 16A per Phase)

IEC 61000-4-15 Flicker meter—Functional and Design
Specifications
SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute)
 SEMI F47-0706

Contact Information:
◦ Email:
 [email protected]
◦ Phone:
 1-855-249-7734
◦ Websites:
 http://www.pseg.com/business/small_large_business/index.jsp
 http://www.njcleanenergy.com/
54