Download Volcanic hazards and Some surprising impacts on human

Volcanoes and Volcanic Activity
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Volcanic hazards and Some surprising impacts on human history
Locations of relatively young volcanoes in North America
Relationship between volcanism and plate tectonics
Types of volcanic eruptions and hazards
Types of volcanoes and related landforms
Volcano monitoring: looking for signs that a volcano may be about to erupt
Current volcanic activity & status:
US Volcanoes - http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/
Global activity - http://www.volcano.si.edu
- http://volcano.oregonstate.edu
More Volcano Stuff – News, Eruptions, Pictures, etc. – updated by Dr. Kuehn as new stories appear
https://www.diigo.com/outliner/6sag2b/Volcanoes?key=3bbokrm65u
Millions around
the world live
within reach of
active volcanoes
Vesuvius and the surrounding Naples metropolitan area in Italy (July 2015)
http://www.wired.com/2015/07/worlds-dangerous-volcano-threatens-huge-city/
Excavated human remains from Pompeii, buried in ash and pumice
from the 79AD eruption of Vesuvius
https://twitter.com/jaimessincioco/status/720121253076602882
http://www.livescience.com/27871-mount-vesuvius-pompeii.html
Mount Fuji, Japan https://twitter.com/jaimessincioco/status/718314990311223297
Mount Etna in December 2015 Photo: G. Famiani
https://eos.org/research-spotlights/can-we-predict-how-volcanic-ash-disperses-after-an-eruption
Popocatepetl volcano in Mexico (March 2016) “Popo” is one of Mexico’s most active
volcanoes and is located near both the Pubebla (1.4 million people) and Mexico City (40 mi, 20
million people) metropolitan areas.
https://mobile.twitter.com/webcamsdemexico/status/708788704429658112
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Unexpected impacts of volcanoes
Examples from the 1815 eruption Mt. Tambora & subsequent “year without a summer”
The birth of the bicycle
http://mashable.com/2015/08/29/evolution-of-bicycles/
http://www.wired.com/2011/02/0217draisine-sauerbrun-bicycle-forerunner/
201 Years Ago, This Volcano Caused a Climate Catastrophe
Sinabung impact on farmers living on fertile land near the volcano
photo by Ulet Ifansasti posted 12 Apr 16
https://mobile.twitter.com/jaimessincioco/status/719737554715566081
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160408-tambora-eruption-volcano-anniversary-indonesia-science/
201 Years Ago: The Year Without a Summer
http://appalachianmagazine.com/2016/05/20/200-years-ago-the-year-without-a-summer/
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Unexpected impacts of volcanoes
Examples from the 1815 eruption Mt. Tambora & subsequent “year without a summer”
Art and Literature:
How a Volcanic Eruption in 1815 Darkened the World but Colored the Arts - The New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/science/mount-tambora-volcano-eruption-1815.html
Volcanic eruptions that changed human history – volcanic cold spells, droughts documented back to Roman times
http://www.dri.edu/news/dri-news-and-press-releases/5102-volcanic-eruptions-that-changed-human-history
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2086330-kingdom-busting-volcanoes-linked-to-the-rise-of-the-roman-empire/
Locations and Origin of Volcanic Activity
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Most volcanism occurs at divergent plate boundaries (ocean ridges and
continental rifts), convergent boundaries (subduction zones), and hot spots.
Styles of volcanic eruptions
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Effusive - lava flows
Pyroclastic - explosive eruptions that produce airborne fragments of lava
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9iZd6wzlCk&feature=related
An effusive eruption of basaltic lava in
Hawaii - NASA
A large pyroclastic eruption of
Klyuchevskaya Volcano, Kamchatka
Peninsula, Russia in October 1994
NASA STS068-214-043
This Dynamic Planet - USGS
Volcanism at ocean ridges and oceanic hot spots primarily results in mafic (basaltic)
rocks. Volcanism at continental rift zones and continental hot spots produces a broad
range of igneous rock compositions. Subduction zones primarily result in intermediate
(andesitic) and mafic rocks with lesser amounts of felsic rocks.
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Fissure during 2015 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise
volcano on island La Réunion in the Indian ocean
Effusive Eruptions and Hazards
http://www.clicanoo.re/?page=archive.consulter&id_article=488165
• Lava flows from summit vents, side vents, and fissures
• Aa and pahoehoe lava flows (basalt)
• Hazards from lava flowing into towns (Hawaii example)
• Lava domes and hazards from dome collapse (effusive
meets pyroclastic)
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Aa (jagged) and pahoehoe (smooth, wrinkled/ropy) lavas
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USGS
Fig 5.3 Understanding Earth
Pahoehoe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK2WGBn8Ojs&feature=related
fissure_vent-img0001.jpg
A lava flow entering a populated area in Hawaii
USGS
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Basaltic lava can flow long distances because of its low viscosity.
Lava covers
Kalapana, Hawaii
23 April 1990
6 June 1990
See:
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/history/1990Kalapana/
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/summary/
USGS 2553015_L.jpg
It s still going:
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/images.html
13 June 1990
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Lava domes: Mt. St. Helens lava dome in 1992 (top) and
Novarupta lava dome, Alaska (bottom)
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Lava domes:
Sinabung Volcano Dome
In June 2015
Watch out below!
This one looks unstable.
S. Kuehn
USGS
Lava domes are usually formed
by felsic to intermediate lava
(ryholite and dacite) because
these lavas have a high viscosity
and don t flow very well.
Photos of the lava domes at Mt. St. Helens:
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Eruption04/Monitoring/sugarbowl_remote_camera_10-04_to_09-05.html
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Images/MSH04/framework.html
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Some features and products of pyroclastic eruptions
Lava fountains
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Lava fountain from
Pu u O o at Kilauea
volcano, Hawaii
Strombolian explosions
Eruption columns
Pyroclastic flows
Tephra
Hazards of pyroclastic eruptions
Ash and pumice fall (tephra fall) hazards
Pyroclastic flow and blast hazards
Next: lava fountain video clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OowFvnlWI90&feature=related
Photo: Strombolian
explosion from a cinder
cone at Veniaminof
volcano, Alaska in 1983
USGS DDS-40-IMG0052.jpg
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Next: strombolian video clip
Strombolian eruption at Stromboli Volcano, Italy - The incandescent lava
fragments generally consist of partially molten volcanic bombs that become
rounded as they fly through the air. USGS photoglossary - Photo by B. Chouet in 1969
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Wind
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Eruption cloud
Mt. St. Helens airfall
tephra distribution and
path of the May 18, 1980
eruption cloud
Tephra fall
Plinian
Eruption
Column
(pumice & ash)
Fig. 8.26c Keller,
Environmental Geology
Large
Bombs
Mt St Helens ash cloud
May 18, 1980 - Austin Post
USGS
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From Iceland in 2010-2011
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/05/21/501364/main20065047.shtml
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=50684
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43164921/ns/travel-news/
Mt. St. Helens ash cloud approaching Ephrata, WA on May 18, 1980.
Ephrata is about 145 miles from Mt. St. Helens. The ash cloud arrived in less
than 3 hours. USGS Fact Sheet 027-00 Photo by Douglas Miller
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kApa82e7VT0&feature=related
Ashfall from Mt. Spur in 1992
USGS OFR93-707 img15.jpg
Next: Mt St. Helens eruption
cloud and ash fall video clip
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Volcanic ash fragment - Electron microscope image
USGS Fact Sheet 027-00
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Major air-routes in the north Pacific
USGS Fact Sheet 030_97
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Small, basaltic volcanic bombs
- Note the aerodynamic shapes
USGS
bombs-30410914-028_large.JPG
Pyroclastic flow at Mt St Helens
One of at least 17 flows which rushed down the side
of the volcano on May 18, 1980.
USGS
A very large, felsic bread
crust bomb
Pyroclastic flow at Augustine
Volcano, Alaska in 1986 USGS
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Aftermath of a pyroclastic flow (1998)
Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat
Ch 5 Understanding Earth
Pyroclastic Flows Eruptions At Sinabung Volcano Indonesia 19th June 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iSFM-T-F_0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UggCmpwNVKw&app=desktop
Reinforced concrete broken
by a pyroclastic flow - USGS
More great video: EarthUncutTV's Most Amazing Volcano Eruption Footage Shots
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPchWu5GB4M
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Devastation of a small
town caused by a lahar
from Mt Pinatubo in the
Philippines
USGS 30410135_029_large.jpg
Plymouth, capital of Montserrat, destroyed in 1997 by pyroclastic flows from the
Soufrière Hills volcano. The eruption killed 19 people, including some who had been
let back into the city after it was first evacuated in 1995.
More about lahars:
From Best Volcano Photos : http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/pictures/141025-best-volcano-photos/#/volcano-gallery-1022-16_84957_600x450.jpg
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/lahar.html
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Extent of Mt. Rainier lahars during the last 5,600 years
Mt. St. Helens before and
after May 18, 1980
USGS MSH vol1 IMG0003.jpg
Next: landslide and blast video
clip
Closer view of the hummocks at Mt. St. Helens
– Similar but larger features are present along Interstate 5 west of Mt. Shasta
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USGS MSH vol1 IMG0045.jpg
Large tree ripped apart by the force of the lateral blast at Mt. St. Helens40
July, 2003 - S. Kuehn
USGS CVO CD2 IMG0006.jpg
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Damage from lateral blast
Mt. St. Helens, 1980
USGS MSH Vol1 IMG001.jpg
Mt. St. Helens from space
NASA STS047-073-056
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Lahars (volcanic mudflows) from Mt St. Helens damaged many homes,43
shut down Interstate-5, and blocked shipping on the Columbia River
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Volcanic hazards
Summary:
• Lava flow hazards
• Ash and pumice fall
(tephra fall) hazards
• Pyroclastic flow
hazards
• Landslide/volcano
collapse hazards
• Volcanic blasts
• Volcanic gases
Mt St. Helens lahar damage
• Lahar/flood hazards
USGS MSH vol1 IMG0087.jpg
USGS
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/
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Some types of volcanoes and related landforms
Shield volcanoes
Composite volcanoes (also known as stratovolcanoes)
Cinder cones
Calderas
Flood basalts
Two shield volcanoes
Top: Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii – USGS
Bottom: Newberry volcano, Oregon – S. Kuehn
Oceanic crust
Explosion craters and maars
Olympus Mons shield volcano, Mars – Olympus Mons is the largest known 47
volcano in the solar system. It is about 550 km (350 mi) across and about 25 km
(16 mi) high with a 65 km (40 mi) wide caldera at the summit. It is more than 4
times wider than Mauna Loa, the largest volcano on Earth.
A composite or stratovolcano:
Mt. Rainier, Washington
S. Kuehn
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Rainier.jpg
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Top photo: Lava 49
Butte, Oregon - a
cinder cone related
to Newberry
volcano
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Columbia River basalts, the
Earth s youngest major
flood basalt province
Note the lava flow
that erupted from
the side of Lava
Butte.
Bottom photo: This cone is one of
two cinder cones called the Red
Cones, located about 5 km south
of Mammoth Mountain volcano
and Long Valley Caldera in
California. These basaltic cones
and associated lava flows were
erupted about 5,000 years ago.
USGS - Photograph by C.D. Miller in
1982
S. Kuehn
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Calderas
Crater Lake, Oregon, fills a caldera that was formed when Mount Mazama
erupted catastrophically about 7,600 years ago. Wizard island was built by a
lava flow and cinder cone after long after formation of the caldera.
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A simple
model of
caldera
formation
Fig 5.16 Understanding Earth
S. Kuehn
Next: Caldera formation animation
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Annual probability for the
deposition of 1 cm or more of
tephra from all sources in the
Cascade Range
Preparing for volcanic hazards:
• Study past activity to better understand what the future may bring
1 in 100
1 in 500
• Make maps showing areas of greatest risk
1 in 1,000
• Land-use planning and disaster preparation
1 in 5,000
1 in 10,000
• Education of people who may be affected
• Volcano monitoring
Pinatubo 25 Years Later: Eight Ways the Eruption Broke Ground https://eos.org/articles/pinatubo-25-yearslater-eight-ways-the-eruption-broke-ground
USGS
https://theconversation.com/why-cant-we-predict-when-a-volcano-will-erupt-53898
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Volcano monitoring
USGS
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/index.php
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/about/faq/faqmonitoring.php
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Uplift of the Three
Sisters volcanic area in
Oregon based on
InSAR radar imagery –
the uplift averaging 20
mm per year is related
to ongoing intrusion of
magma at a depth of ~8
km (5 mi).
Fig. 1 in Wicks et al. (2002),
Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, No. 7
Surface tilt resulting
from the intrusion of
new magma at Kilauea
volcano, Hawaii
More about the Three Sisters area and uplift:
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Sisters/framework.html
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Sisters/WestUplift/framework.html
Fig. 8.30 Keller,
Environmental Geology
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Volcanic earthquakes: The movement of magma underground produces
characteristic earthquakes, an important sign that an eruption might
happen in the near future.
Compare the magma-generated earthquakes (G and H) to a fault-generated
earthquake (A)
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
McNut Fig 1
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