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TO GO TO ANY OF THE PAGES LISTED BELOW, CLICK ON ITS TITLE CHAPTER 4 Life Changes Over Time 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 1 What is evolution? Lesson Review 2 What are fossils? Lesson Review 3 Kinds of Fossils Enrichment Activity for Lesson 4-2 4 What evidence supports evolution? Lesson Review 5 Radioactive Dating Enrichment Activity for Lesson 4-3 6 What is natural selection? Lesson Review 7 How does the environment affect natural selection? Lesson Review 8 How have humans changed over time? Lesson Review 9 THE BIG IDEA Integrating Earth Science: What is Geologic Time? Lesson Review 10 Chapter 4 Key Term Review 11 Chapter 4 Test 12 Chapter 4 Answer Key 15 Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 1 Name Class Date 4-1 What is evolution? Lesson Review Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. ____________________ 1. Many scientists believe that new species develop from older species as a result of adaptation. ____________________ 2. A change in a gene is called a mutation. ____________________ 3. A trait of an organism that helps it survive in its environment is called an evolution. ____________________ 4. The process by which organisms change throughout time is called evolution. ____________________ 5. A group of organisms that look alike and can reproduce among themselves are a species. ____________________ 6. If a mutation is helpful to an organism, it may die out before passing the trait on. Skill Challenge Skills: analyzing, relating concepts Study the diagrams shown below. On the lines provided, explain what features the cactus and the hawk have that allow it to survive in its environment. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 2 Name Class Date 4-2 What are fossils? Lesson Review Write the term that best completes each sentence in the space provided. 1. Species of organisms that are no longer found living are _______________________________________ . 2. The remains or traces of once-living organisms are ____________________________________________ . 3. Most fossils are found in layers of _______________________________________________________ rock. 4. An elephant-like animal called a __________________________________ has been found frozen in ice. 5. Insects are often preserved in hardened tree sap called _________________________________________ . 6. When an organism is buried in rock, it decays and leaves a cavity called a _______________________ . 7. When a mold fills with sand or mud and then hardens, a _____________________________ is formed. 8. Sediments are slowly changed to rock as __________________________ forces the sediments together. Skill Challenge Skills: identifying, relating concepts Answer the questions about the drawings shown. Figure 1 Figure 2 1. What organism is shown in Figure 1? _________________________________________________________ 2. In what way is the organism in Figure 1 most likely to be preserved? _____________________________ 3. Is the organism in Figure 1 an example of a living or an extinct species? __________________________ 4. What organism is shown in Figure 2? _________________________________________________________ 5. How is the organism in Figure 2 most likely to be preserved? ____________________________________ 6. Is the organism in Figure 2 an example of a living species or an extinct species? ___________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 3 Name Class Date Kinds of Fossils Enrichment Activity for Lesson 4-2 Skills: comparing, relating PART A Read the passage. Then, answer the questions that follow. Molds and Casts Fossils often form when silt or mud covers an organism or part of an organism. The silt or mud hardens before the organism decays. As the organism decays, a fossil remains. A fossil mold is formed if a cavity is left in rock that has the shape of the organism. A fossil cast forms if sediment fills the mold and then hardens. 1. What is a fossil mold? _______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a fossil cast? ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is it possible for a fossil cast to form without a fossil mold? Why or why not? _____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ PART B Identify the fossils below as either a fossil mold or a fossil cast. 1. _______________________________________ 2. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. ______________________________________ Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 4 Name Class Date 4-3 What evidence supports evolution? Lesson Review Complete the following. 1. What does fossil evidence show about Earth’s climate? _________________________________________ 2. For what animal is the most complete fossil record available? ____________________________________ 3. Describe how the horse has evolved. __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are homologous structures? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Name three homologous structures. __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are vestigial structures? ________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How do scientists know that dogs and bears are closely related? _________________________________ Skill Challenge Skills: sequencing, generalizing Place the diagrams of horse evolution below in the correct order by writing the letter A (earliest horse) through D (most recent horse) in the spaces provided. Then, answer the question. ______ 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. 5. What generalization can you make about how horses have changed through time? ________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 5 Name Class Date Radioactive Dating Enrichment Activity for Lesson 4-3 Skills: relating, calculating PART A Read the passage. Then, answer the questions that follow. Radioactive Dating In the 1940s, scientists discovered that radioactive elements can be used to find out how long ago a fossil organism lived. This method is called radioactive dating. The actual age of a fossil can be identified using it. Radioactive elements give off particles and energy as they decay. They decay at a fixed rate that can be measured. Scientists measure the rate of radioactive decay in a unit called a half-life. A half-life is the amount of time needed for one-half of the radioactive element to decay. By measuring the amount of a particular radioactive element in a fossil, the number of half-lives of the element is found. This is used to calculate the actual age of the fossil. 1. What is radioactive dating? __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a half-life? __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ PART B The table below lists the half-lives of certain radioactive elements. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. HALF-LIVES Radioactive Element Half-life Rubidium–87 50 billion years Uranium–238 4.5 billion years Potassium–40 1.3 billion years Carbon–14 5,770 years 1. What is the half-life of uranium–238? _________________________________________________________ 2. Suppose a fossil contained one-half as much carbon–14 as when the organism first formed. How old is the fossil? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Suppose a rock contained one-fourth as much potassium–40 as when it first formed. How old is the rock? __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. If 10 g of uranium–238 are present now, how much will be left in 4.5 billion years? How much in 9 billion years? ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. If 40 g of rubidium–87 are present now, how much will be left in 100 billion years? ________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 6 Name Class Date 4-4 What is natural selection? Lesson Review PART A Answer the following questions. 1. Who was Jean Baptiste de Lamark? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What was Jean Baptiste de Lamark’s theory about evolution? ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ PART B The main ideas of Darwin’s theory of natural selection are listed below. Explain what is meant by each of these ideas. 1. Overproduction: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Struggle for Existence: ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Variation: _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Survival of the Fittest: ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Evolution of New Species: __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Skill Challenge Skills: applying concepts, analyzing Study the diagrams below. Identify how the diagrams relate to Darwin’s ideas about natural selection. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 7 Name Class Date 4-5 How does the environment affect natural selection? Lesson Review Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. ____________________ 1. All organisms must have a living space that provides food, water, and shelter. ____________________ 2. Tigers that are slower and weaker are more likely to catch deer and survive. ____________________ 3. Human activities cannot produce great changes in the living spaces of other organisms. ____________________ 4. Extinction is an example of how harmful materials from factories and cars pollute the air, water, and land. ____________________ 5. After laws were passed in England to reduce air pollution, the number of gray peppered moths rose. ____________________ 6. Extinction is the disappearance of all members of a species. ____________________ 7. The giant panda and the grizzly bear are both examples of extinct species. Skill Challenge Skills: identifying, relating concepts Answer the questions about the drawings shown below. Gray moth Black moth 1. Which of these moths would be more likely to survive before the Industrial Revolution? ____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which of these moths would be more likely to survive during the Industrial Revolution? ___________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which of these moths would be more likely to survive after the 1970s? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education Inc /Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group All rights reserved Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4 Name Class Date 4-6 How have humans changed over time? Lesson Review Answer the following. 1. What does Homo sapien mean? _______________________________________________________________ 2. What is anthropology? ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. About how old is the humanlike skeleton that Donald Johanson found and named Lucy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. About how tall was Lucy? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. List two ways that humans have changed through time. ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Name two types of early humans. ____________________________________________________________ 7. In what ways were Cro-Magnons more like homo sapiens than the Neanderthals? ___________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What kind of fossil evidence led scientists to say that later humanlike species lived in caves, used fire, and made tools? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Skill Challenge Skills: analyzing, applying concepts, sequencing Study the human skulls shown below. Then, use what you learned about how humans have changed through time to place the skulls in order from earliest (A) to most recent (C). Write the correct letter in the space provided. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. 4. Explain why you placed the skulls in the sequence you did. _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 9 Name THE Class Big IDEA Chapter 4 Date Integrating Earth Science What is geologic time? Lesson Review Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided. Column B Column A __________ 1. record of Earth’s history based upon the types of organisms that lived at different times __________ 2. large division of geologic time __________ 3. age of something compared to the age of something else __________ 4. periods are divided into these __________ 5. kind of rock in which fossils form a. era b. relative age c. epochs d. periods e. sedimentary f. geologic time scale __________ 6. eras are divided into these Skill Challenge Skills: analyzing, inferring, synthesizing Complete the following. 1. What does the clock on page 113 of your text tell you about geologic time? ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think coal is called a fossil fuel? __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. If you were a geologist far in the future, what ancient artifacts might you find from our time period? What might these objects tell you about life today? ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Science Log Writing Activity Complete the Science Log on a separate sheet of paper. To complete the Big Idea Online, go to www.conceptsandchallenges.com. Follow the online instructions. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 10 Name Class Date Chapter 4 Key Term Review Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle. Clues Across Down 2. science that deals with the study of human 1. body parts that have the same basic structure beings 3. hardened tree sap 4. differences in traits among individuals of a species 7. body structure that seems to have no function 2. trait that helps an organism survive in its environment 5. survival of offspring that have favorable traits (two words) 6. a sudden change in a gene 8. remains or trace of a once-living organism 9. process by which organisms change over time Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 11 Name Class Date Chapter 4 Test Interpreting Diagrams Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. Which of the Homo sapiens lived from 130,000 to 35,000 years ago? _______________________________ 2. How long ago did Homo habilis live on Earth? __________________________________________________ 3. About how long did Homo erectus inhabit Earth? _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How much longer than Homo habilis did Homo erectus inhabit Earth? _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Which of the ancestors of modern humans inhabited Earth for the longest time? ___________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Multiple Choice Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the statement or answers the question. __________ 1. The process by which organisms change over time is known as a. adaptation. b. evolution c. natural selection. d. variation. __________ 2. The most complete fossil record of evolutionary change is that of a. humans. b. the dinosaur. c. the horse. d. insects. __________ 3. Differences among individuals in a species are called a. adaptations. b. mutations. c. natural selection. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. d. variations. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 14 Name Class Date Chapter 4 Test (continued) __________ 4. An example of how human activities affect other organisms is a. mutations. b. pollution. c. adaptations. d. a hominid. __________ 5. Most fossils are formed in a. igneous rock. b. sedimentary rock. c. metamorphic rock. d. clastic rock. __________ 6. The science that deals with the study of human beings is known as a. psychology. b. geology. c. biology. d. anthropology. __________ 7. A sudden change in a gene is called a. an adaptation. b. a mutation. c. a variation. d. natural selection. __________ 8. Any remain or trace of a once-living organism is a a. skeleton. b. shell. c. fossil. d. sediment. __________ 9. A group of organisms that look alike and can reproduce among themselves is known as a. a species. b. ancestors. c. mutations. d. genes. __________ 10. Body structures that seem to have no function are called a. homologous structures. b. glands. c. vestigial structures. d. mutations. __________ 11. Special traits that help organisms survive in their environment are a. adaptations. b. genes. c. mutations. d. fossils. __________ 12. Body parts that are similar in structure are called a. homologous structures. b. vestigial structures. c. the fossil record. d. DNA evidence. __________ 13. Organisms that are no longer found as living species are said to be a. untraceable. b. rare. c. extinct. d. endangered. __________ 14. The modern theory of evolution is called the theory of a. relativity. b. natural selection. c. variation. d. adaptation. __________ 15. Which of the following would most likely be found as a fossil? a. a shell b. a body organ c. skin d. a leaf __________ 16. The idea that each species produces more offspring than can survive is called a. variation. b. natural selection c. evolution. d. overproduction. __________ 17. Natural selection also is known as survival of the a. species. b. variation. c. fittest. d. fossil. __________ 18. All modern humans belong to the species a. Cro-Magnon. b. Homo sapiens. c. Neanderthalensis. d. humanoids. __________ 19. About how many years old is the humanlike fossil called Lucy? a. 1.5 billion years b. 5.3 million years c. 2.3 billion years d. 3.5 million years __________ 20. Insect fossils often are found preserved in a. amber. b. ice. c. tar. d. wood. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 13 Name Class Date Chapter 4 Test (continued) Written Response Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 21. INFER: What might be the reason for the changes in skull shapes of human ancestors? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. APPLY: Would species have evolved over time if the environments they lived in never changed? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 16 Answer Key CHAPTER 4: LIFE CHANGES OVER TIME 4-1 What is evolution? Lesson Review 1. evolution 2. true 3. an adaptation 4. true 5. true 6. harmful Skill Challenge The spines help the cactus retain water by fending off animals that would eat the plant for its water. The ridges help the cactus retain water by creating shade from the sun on much of the cactus’s surface. The hawk was a hooked beak and sharp claws for catching and killing prey and sharp eyesight to see prey while flying high above. 4-3 What evidence supports evolution? (continued) Skill Challenge 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. Each species has grown larger. 4-3 What evidence supports evolution? Enrichment Activity: Radioactive Dating PART A 1. determining the actual age of a fossil by measuring the amount of a radioactive element remaining in the fossil 2. amount of time needed for one-half of a radioactive element to break down 4-2 What are fossils? PART B Lesson Review 1. extinct 2. fossils 3. sedimentary 4. mammoth 5. amber 6. mold 7. cast 8. great pressure 1. 4.5 billion years 2. 5,770 years 3. 2.6 billion years 4. 5 g; 2.5 g 5. 10 g Skill Challenge 1. mammoth 2. in ice 3. an extinct species 4. Possible answers: insect or fly 5. in amber 6. a living species 4-2 What are fossils? Enrichment Activity: Kinds of Fossils PART A 1. cavity in a rock that has the shape of a buried organism 2. copy of a fossil made from sediment that hardened inside a fossil mold 3. no, because the sediments that harden into a cast must be shaped by a mold PART B 1. fossil cast 2. fossil mold 4-3 What evidence supports evolution? Lesson Review 1. Earth’s climate has changed many times throughout Earth’s history. 2. the horse 3. The horse evolved from a species called Eohippus, which had toed feet, to Mesohippus, which was larger, to Merychippus, which was larger still with split hooves, to Equus, the modern horse. The horse’s tooth and skull size have increased over time as well. 4. body parts that have a similar structure 5. lion’s foreleg, bat’s wing, and dolphin’s flipper 6. body structures that seem to have no function 7. They have very similar DNA. 4-4 What is natural selection? Lesson Review PART A 1. Jean Baptise de Lamark was one of the first scientists to develop a theory of evolution. 2. Lamark hypothesized that all organisms developed new characteristics to help them adapt to their surroundings. Then, they passed on those adapted traits to their offspring. PART B 1. Each species produces more offspring than can survive. Not all can survive because there is not enough food or living space for all. 2. The offspring of each generation compete for things that they need to survive. Only a few will live long enough to reproduce. The others will die. 3. The offspring of each generation are not exactly alike. For example, some organisms are faster or stronger than others. 4. Some variations make organisms better suited for survival in their environments. These organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce than are others. 5. Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce. They pass their favorable traits to their offspring. Therefore, their offspring are more likely to survive and reproduce in the next generation. Skill Challenge The pictures show an overproduction of mice, which causes a struggle for existence. A variation occurs, making some mice larger than others. These mice win battles for food, causing the smaller mice to die out. The new larger mice make a new species. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 17 Answer Key 4-5 How does the environment affect natural selection? Lesson Review 1. true 2. stronger and faster 3. can 4. Pollution 5. true 6. true 7. endangered Skill Challenge 1. gray moth 2. black moth 3. gray moth 4-6 How have humans changed over time? Lesson Review 1. wise human 2. science that deals with the study of humans 3. about 3.5 million years 4. about 1 meter 5. They have gotten larger; the size of their skulls has increased. 6. Neanderthals and CroMagnons 7. Unlike Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons lived together in large groups and were skilled hunters and toolmakers. Cro-Magnons had a more highly developed society in which people had more specialized jobs, such as hunters and toolmakers. 8. Scientists found drawings on the walls of caves and fossils of simple tools and burnt wood. Skill Challenge 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. Possible answer: Skull A is the smallest of the three, indicating that it is the oldest. Skull B is larger than A and has a larger brain case. Skull C is the largest of the three, indicating that it is the most recent. The Big Idea CHAPTER 4: LIFE CHANGES OVER TIME Key Term Review Across 2. anthropology 3. amber 4. variation 7. vestigial 8. fossil 9. evolution Down 1. homologous 2. adaptation 5. natural selection 6. mutation CHAPTER 4: LIFE CHANGES OVER TIME Chapter Test Interpreting Diagrams 1. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 2. A little more than 2 million years ago 3. A little more than 1 million years 4. 0.5 million years 5. Australopithecus afarensis Multiple Choice 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. c 11. a 12. a 13. c 14. b 15. a 16. d 17. c 18. b 19. d 20. a Written Response 21. As humanlike species evolved over time, their skulls became larger as the size of their brain increased. Each species was increasingly more intelligent and humanlike than the humanlike species of earlier ages. 22. It is not as likely that species would have evolved over time without changes in the environment, because evolution is the adaptation of a species to its changed environment. Lesson Review 1. f 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. e 6. d Skill Challenge 1. The Precambrian Era has been the longest era so far. The current era, the Cenozoic Era, has not lasted very long in comparison. 2. Coal is made from the fossilized remains of ancient plants. 3. Possible answers: Artifacts may include remains of cell phones, eyeglasses, snowboards, roller blades, and computers. These objects would indicate that humans were able to make many complex products themselves. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Life Changes Over Time: CHAPTER 4, page 16