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Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life The Characteristics of Living Things Notes Term or Concept Biosphere Biodiversity Species Biology Organism Cell Metabolism DNA System Meaning Example Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life Ecosystem Homeostasis Evolution Adaptation Autotrophs Chemoautotrophs Heterotrophs Abiotic Biotic Sexual Reproduction Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life Asexual Reproduction Budding Fragmentation Binary Fission Use Quizlet or Index Cards to help you prepare for vocabulary tests! The Nine Characteristics of Living Things 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 6.__________________________________ 7.__________________________________ 8.__________________________________ 9.__________________________________ Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life Life is organized into many levels. Each level builds on the next. 1. Cells: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Different cells have specialized functions. For example, your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices. 2. Metabolism: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Autotrophs- make their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants. Chemoautotrophs- make their own food through chemicals / chemosynthesis. Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Where do we get our energy from? i. Indirectly from photosynthesis and directly from cellular respiration, in the form of ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate. Let’s see how much you can recall about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Let’s look at the graphic organizer! 3. Stimulus: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ i. Abiotic- nonliving, such as rocks, temperature, nutrients, pH, etc ii. Biotic- living things, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. 1. The relationship between abiotic and biotic factors _____________ are made up of both living and nonliving things. The abiotic factors ____________________ the biotic factors. For example, if the temperature of the bay drastically drops, many of the fish may die because they can’t regulate their body temperature. Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life 4. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid: __________________________________________________________________ Made up of nucleotides (4 nitrogenous base pairs-AGCT), sugars, and phosphates. Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C) The sequence of the bases is what codes for the order of amino acids in the protein sequence (amino acids). 5. Evolution: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Examples of evidence- fossil record, embryology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular DNA. _____________________- an inherited trait or gene that helps some individuals of a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don’t adapt will die off. o Sometimes different populations of the same species live in different environments. Therefore, they have different needs and adapt differently, evolving into different species. 6. Reproduction: Goal= ___________________________________________________________________ Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Two types- sexual and asexual o ___________________- two parents required, exchange of gametes (sex cells), and the _______________________________________________. o _____________________- requires only one parent and the ___________________________________________to the parent (ex- sea star). Budding Fragmentation Binary Fission Examples: o Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting them out and sucking them back in. This allows the male to remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development. o The male seahorse carries the offspring o Elephant gestation is 22 months o Killer whale gestation is 16 months o Human gestation is 9 months 7. Homeostasis: o _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ o Controlled by ________________ and the ___________________________ o Body temp. is ______ or ___________ o Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions. Temperature, glucose, water, pH, gases, nutrients, salt, etc. must be maintained / balanced or it can be fatal. o Negative and Positive feedback loops. Background Vocabulary _________________________- a system of parts that operate or interact like those of a machine. ________________________- an instrument used to operate, regulate, or guide a machine. _________________________- a device that receives and responds to a signal. Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life _________________________- the point at which a circuit is either activated or deactivated. _____________________________- something aimed or fired at. ____________________________- return of a portion of the output of a system to the input, used to maintain performance or control. _______________________________- a closed circuit. Simplified, real life example Thermostat- senses the temperature of a system. A sensor in the thermostat constantly measures the temperature of the room. A control mechanism then compares the actual room temperature to the set temperature. Let’s say the set temperature is 21C (70F). When the temperature falls below 21C, the thermostat kicks on by sending an electronic message to the furnace. When the sensor on the thermostat indicates that the air temperature is back to 21C, another message is sent that turns off the furnace. Result- the room is always within a few degrees of the desired temperature. Of course in Florida this would resemble our air conditioners! How is your body like a thermostat? Your body is set up to regulate temperature just like a thermostat. It’s an internal control system that includes sensors, a control center, various communication systems, and targets. Sensors They are called ___________________________ in our body. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Ex- when it’s hot or cold, there are receptors in your skin and nose that gather information about the air temperatures. Control Center ____________________- receives information from the sensors. Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life The brain will then compare information to the ideal / set points, at which the body functions best at. If there is an issue, such as the body being above or below that set point, the ______________________ will send a _______________________ via a _____________________________________________ (nervous or endocrine system/ hormones). Communication System _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Nervous system= __________________________________________ Endocrine system= _____________________________________ The nerve impulses and hormones tell the targets in the body how to respond to the stimuli. Target _________________________________________________________________________________ Example- if it’s cold outside, a message may be sent to the muscles to start shivering. Shivering generates body heat, therefore increasing temperature. Page _____- Biology Notes – Unit 1: The Characteristics of Life Negative Feedback Loop __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Continuous cycle Example- Blood glucose concentrations rise after a meal (the stimulus), and insulin causes glucose to be removed from the bloodstream (the response), which decreases blood glucose. Exercise creates metabolic heat, which raises body temperature (the stimulus) and vasodilation and sweating (the response) cools the body. Positive Feedback Loop ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Ex- cut your finger; positive feedback mechanisms increase the rate of change in clotting factors in the blood until the wound is sealed. Ex- hormones during puberty. The body needs specific levels to accomplish the changes that need to take place. Ex-when a baby first suckles its mother's nipple, a small amount of breast milk is released (the stimulus) and a hormone is released which increases milk production (the response). 8. Grow and Develop ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Changes in size, shape, and differentiation in structures. Unicellular = simple and muliticellular = complex. Metamorphosis- many organisms have similar early stages of development and are hard to tell apart. 9. Chemical Uniqueness ___________________________________________________________________________________ _______________ backbone. _______________________________________- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids Ex-DNA