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Round 1 Round Hard Things Value Clue $200 The surface of Venus is kept very hot by the heat trapping properties of this in the atmosphere. (CO2 ) $400 This is responsible for the presence of the asteroid belt (instead of a ninth planet). (tidal forces due to Jupiter) $600 This is how we discovered the rings around Uranus. (Occultation) $800 These two planets most closely resemble the composition of the Sun and the solar nebula. (Jupiter & Saturn) $1000 Within the Roche limit of a planet, this will happen to a gravitationally bound object. (Ripped apart by tidal forces) Round? Value $200 $400 Things Clue These are the two main methods of detecting exoplanets. (Doppler shift and transits) The recently launched Kepler satellite is looking for exoplanets using this method. (transits) $600 In a star/planet system, both the star and the planet orbit this. (center of mass) $800 The tails of comets are formed by this. (Solar heating) $1000 This is why a spinning cloud of gas and dust forms a disk and not a sphere. (conservation of angular momentum) Round Hot Things Value Clue $200 These tell us about the composition of the outer layers of stars. (absorption lines) $400 Spectral classification of stars is based mostly on this. (temperature) $600 This is the factor by which the luminosity of a star changes when its radius is increased by a factor of 3. (9) $800 These allow us to determine the masses of stars. (eclipsing binaries) $1000 These contain 10’s to 100’s of thousands of old stars. (globular clusters) Misc. Value $200 $400 $600 $800 Clue These can come from the Oort cloud and sometimes visit the Sun only once. (comets) A ’shooting star’ is actually this. (meteor) This is the event that killed the remaining dinosaurs and 2/3 of all life. (K-T extinction) A nova can result when you have these two objects near each other. (White dwarf and other star like red giant) $1000 Variable stars are useful to astronomers because they allow you to tell this. (the distance to the star) Round 2: Double Jeopardy Great Ball of Fire Value Clue $400 This is a violent release of energy from the Sun. (solar flare) $800 This is considered the ’visible’ surface of the Sun. (photosphere) $1200 Every 11 years, the Sun reverses this. (magnetic polarity) $1600 This is the approximate temperature of the Sun’s core. (107 K or 10 million K) $2000 Sunspots appear dark because of this. (strong magnetic field) A Star Value $400 $800 $1200 is Born...and Dies Clue This is the source of energy for main sequence stars. (hydrogen fusion) Before reaching the main sequence, a protostar is doing this. (contracting due to gravity) A star becomes a red giant when this happens. (runs out of hydrogen to fuse in its core → leaves the main sequence) $1600 A Type 1a supernova occurs when a white dwarf’s mass exceeds this. (1.4 M ) $2000 This prevents the collapse of the star at the center of a planetary nebula. (electron degeneracy pressure) More Round Hot Things Value Clue $400 This ’failed star’ did not have a high enough temperature to sustain long-term fusion. (brown dwarf ) $800 An ’HR diagram’ is a plot of which two quantities. (T (or spectral type) vs. L (or absolute magnitude)) $1200 More luminous stars tend to live this. (shorter lives) $1600 This tells you how much energy is released in the fusion of hydrogen to helium. (E = ∆mc2 where ∆m is the mass difference between the input H’s and output He’s.) $2000 Stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium, which means that this supports them against gravitational collapse. (thermal pressure due to nuclear reactions in the core) Misc. Value $400 $800 Clue This event releases heavy elements into space. (supernova) When an iron core from a large star collapses, this type of new star can form. (neutron star) $1200 A star with a parallax of 0.05 arcseconds is this far away. (20 pc) $1600 Stars spend most of their ’active’ life in this phase. (main sequence) $2000 This is how astronomers determine the age of a star cluster. (main sequence turn-off ) Round 3: Final Jeopardy Category: Stellar Evolution Question: Fill in the circles in the stellar evolution flow chart below. black hole n Su _M >_ M .08 0 > n Su protostar M <>___ _ M <_ _ Sun <0 .08 Solution: MS red giant Su red giant M n n >_ M .08 0 > n Su un S <0 .08 M >.0 8 M Sun protostar 0M <>_8-1 _ M main Su n sequence >8 -1 0M Sun Su n <0 .08 MS Type __ supernova black hole Type __ supernova black hole un Su _M protostar supergiant n Su un S <0 .08 M >.0 8 M protostar Sun supergiant un brown dwarf supergiant supergiant Type __ supernova Type __ II supernova red giant red giant planetary nebula black hole neutron stars white dwarf