Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Characterizing the Cool KOIs" John A. Johnson" Caltech à Harvard CfA" " http://exolab.caltech.edu! Problem: Itʼs difficult to characterize M Dwarfs" This is important because the size of the planet ! depends on the size of the star, because Kepler ! measures the fractional decrease in light! ? Single/Binary?" Mass = ? Radius = ? Luminosity = ? Distance = ? Temperature = ? Age = ?" The Palomar 200 inch" TripleSpec (R~3000 JHK)! TripleSpec followup of KOIs "initiated by: Jamie Lloyd (Cornell)" Phil Muirhead (Caltech à BU) Julie5e Becker (Caltech Junior) Barbara Rojas-‐Ayala (AMNH) Na and Ca EW trace Metallicity DeformaPon from H2O traces TEff (H2O-‐K index) Kevin Covey (Lowell) Johnson & Apps 2009 Phil Muirhead (Caltech à BU) Muirhead et al. 2012a Figure courtesy Jamie Lloyd Phil Muirhead (Caltech à BU) Characterizing the Cool KOIs Muirhead+ (2012a,b 2013 in prep) Rojas Ayala+ (2010, 2012) KOI-‐952/Kepler 32 5 transit system (Swi^+ 2013) KOI 961 The star is only 70% larger than Jupiter! Muirhead, Johnson, Apps et al. 2012" KOI-256" From false positive to ApJ" Phil Muirhead Avi Shporer Andrew Vanderburg Julie5e Becker Muirhead, Vanderburg, Shporer et al. 2013 submi5ed Julie5e Becker (Caltech Junior Class of 2014) Palomar-200/TripleSpec Radial Velocities" 0" 2" 4" " (days)" Time" 6" " 8" White dwarf" Transit model by Agol 2003 KOI-952 = Kepler-32" A tiny solar system" The Kepler-32 planetary system" Swi^, Johnson et al. 2013 Jon Swi^ Radii (RE)" 0.8" 1.5" 2.2" 2.0" Mass (ME)" ?" ?" 3.4" 3.8" 2.7" ?" The Story of Compact Planetary System Formation" Swi^, Johnson et al. 2013 • We have strong evidence that the Kepler-32 planets formed in < 10 Myr and migrated inward through gaseous disk" – Inner planet too close to form there" – Middle planetsʼ 3:2:1 commensurability demands a gentle migration mechanism" • The Kepler-32 planets are representative of all of Keplerʼs M dwarf planets, and therefore M dwarfs throughout the Galaxy " • These are powerful constraints on the timescale and nature of the mechanisms that form some of the most numerous planetary systems in the Galaxy!" • The Solar System is rare.! – Most stars are M dwarfs" – Most planets formed around M dwarfs" Jon Swi^ Characterizing the Cool KOIs Muirhead+ (2012a,b 2013 in prep) Rojas Ayala+ (2010, 2012) What is the completeness of the Kepler survey for planets with RP?" R* KP RP P b You must consider the sizes of the stars in the survey R*’ KP’ RP P b RP P b’ R*’ KP’ InclinaPons (impact parameters) ma5er RP P’ b’ R*’ KP’ Very important to consider the distribuPon of periods when assessing the occurrence within Pmax Goal: Create a period-normalized non-parametric radius function" Tim Morton Jon Swi^ Morton & Swi^ 2013 The SNR Ramp" Fressin et al. 2013 Morton & Swi^ 2013 Morton & Swi^ 2013 The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets Around Small Stars" Dressing & Charbonneau (2013)" • The occurrence rate of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone is 0.15 planets per small star.! • With 95% confidence, there is a transiting Earth-size planet in the habitable zone of a small star within 21 pc.! AAS Long Beach" Courtney Dressing" 29" Summary and Conclusions • We have characterized all of the Cool KOI host stars, and weʼre gearing up to do more" – Stellar astrophysics is the key to understanding Keplerʼs planet candidates" • We have validated and characterized some of the smallest planets in the Kepler sample by focusing on the M dwarfs" – Even the false positives have turned out to be interesting!" • We have uncovered clues about the dominant mode of planet formation throughout the Galaxy" – The Solar System is starting to look weird from a Galactic perspective" • We have measured the radius distribution of planets around M dwarfs" – The distribution peaks between 1.0 and 1.5 Rearth and declines sharply toward smaller radii" " Thank you! and thanks to:" Caltech ExoLab: Phil Muirhead Jon Swift Tim Morton Ben Montet Juliette Becker Andrew Vanderburg Leslie Rogers Becky Jensen-Clem Marta Bryan Kristina Hogstrom Sebastian Pineda Michael Bottom Melodie Kao Sasha Hinkley Jean-Michel Desert Collaborators: Jason Wright" "Avi Shporer" "Rebekah Dawson" "Dan Fabrycky" "Peter Plavchan" "Barbara Rojas-Ayala" "Andrew Howard" "Josh Winn" "Josh Carter" "Geoff Marcy" "Debra Fischer" "Christoph Barnec" "Nick Law" "Reed Riddle Heather Knutson " Christoph Barnec (Caltech)" Nick Law (Toronto)" Tim Morton Robo-‐AO Kepler Follow-‐up PI Baranec et al. 2011 www.astro.caltech.edu/Robo-AO/! Reed Riddle (Caltech)" Shriharsh Tendulkar (Caltech)" Tim Morton, Law, Barenec et al. (in prep) In collaboration with the Robo-AO team (PI: C. Baranec)" See presentations: 305.01, 305.03, 334.06" " Keck Observatory NIRC2 + AO Prof. JusPn Crepp (Notre Dame) The California Planet Survey (CPS) Keck Observatory" at Keck Observatory! 400 Massive, Evolved Stars 900 Sun-like dwarfs 150 Low-mass M dwarfs ! -‐ Each with 20+ HIRES spectra -‐ R ~ 55,000 -‐S/N ~ 200 KOI-961 = Kepler 42" The three smallest known exoplanets (for now…)" AnimaPon Credit: Dan Fabrycky and The Kepler Team Wha?! Palomar 200-inch TripleSpec" Barnard’s Star KOI-‐961 Muirhead, Johnson, Apps et al. 2012" Transferring Stellar Properties" KOI 961 and Barnard’s stars are twins! Phil Muirhead Mass à Radius à Luminosity à Temperature à Age à" Barnardʼs Star" Star became much smaller, as did the planets KOI 961" A Mars-‐sized planet around a 16th magnitude star But the transit depth is 1 mmag! New record-holder: Kepler-37b " Barclay et al. (2013), Nature this week" KOI-952 = Kepler 32" The story of compact planetary system formation throughout the Milky Way " Jon Swi^ M ~ R2.06" Kepler M dwarf planets • 66 stellar systems • 100 planets* • 1 giant • 48 singles • 7 doubles • 7 triples • 3 quadruples • 1 quintuple *mostly candidates, but vetted! Fabrycky+ (2012a) Lithwick & Wu (2012) M = R2.06" • 66 stellar systems • 100 planets* • 1 giant • 48 singles • 7 doubles • 7 triples • 3 quadruples • 1 quintuple *mostly candidates, but vetted! need large amount of mass < 0.1 AU gas+solids > 3 MJup (Chiang & Laughlin 2012) factor of 5 (e.g. Andrews+ 2009) to form Kepler 32 in situ factor of 10 (e.g. Andrews+ 2009) > factor of 1000 Kepler-32e" disk lifetime < 10Myr ~ 1:2:3 period commensurability 32b: 3.4 Msun, 2.2 Rsun, = 1.7 g/cm3 32c: 3.8 Msun, 2.0 Rsun, = 2.6 g/cm3 in presence of gas 1 -‐ 4 g/cc; need volatiles. 5-‐15% Need within very dust large sublimation Σ in inner d radius isk Number of Planets Radius distribution of M dwarf planets 2-‐3 REarth Howard+ 2012 Fressin+ 2013 Dressing+ 2013 log(Planet Radius) http://exolab.caltech.edu! 149.07. Optimizing Doppler Surveys for Planet Yield: " Michael Bottom; Philip Muirhead; John A. Johnson; Cullen Blake" " 149.08. Improving Radial Velocity Precision for Faint Star Extra-Solar Planet Surveys:" Andrew Vanderburg; John A. Johnson; Philip Muirhead" " 149.10. Ultra-Precise Radial Velocimetry with Lock-In Amplified Externally Dispersed Interferometry:" Rebecca M. Jensen-Clem; Philip Muirhead; Gautam Vasisht; James K. Wallace; John A. Johnson" " 158.09. Measuring the Distribution of Active M Dwarfs in the Galaxy:" J. Sebastian Pineda; Andrew A. West; John J. Bochanski; Adam J. Burgasser" " 252.12. A Serendipitous Doppler Survey of B-type Stars at Keck with HIRES:" Juliette Becker; John A. Johnson; Tim Morton" " 343.18. Retired A Stars and Their Companions: The Latest Discoveries:" Marta Bryan; John A. Johnson; Andrew Howard" " 343.23. Model-Independent Stellar and Planetary Masses From MultiTransiting Exoplanetary Systems:" Benjamin Montet; John A. Johnson" For a list of talks/posters: exolab.caltech.edu/news ! Science outreach in collaboraFon with Jorge Cham of PhD Comics Thank you! and thanks to:" Caltech ExoLab: Phil Muirhead Jon Swift Tim Morton Ben Montet Juliette Becker Andrew Vanderburg Leslie Rogers Becky Jensen-Clem Marta Bryan Kristina Hogstrom Sebastian Pineda Michael Bottom Melodie Kao Sasha Hinkley Jean-Michel Desert Collaborators: Jason Wright" "Avi Shporer" "Rebekah Dawson" "Dan Fabrycky" "Peter Plavchan" "Barbara Rojas-Ayala" "Andrew Howard" "Josh Winn" "Josh Carter" "Geoff Marcy" "Debra Fischer" "Christoph Barnec" "Nick Law" "Reed Riddle Heather Knutson "