Download Characterizing the Cool KOIs

Characterizing the
Cool KOIs"
John A. Johnson"
Caltech à Harvard CfA"
"
http://exolab.caltech.edu!
Problem: Itʼs difficult to characterize M Dwarfs"
This is important because the size of the planet !
depends on the size of the star, because Kepler !
measures the fractional decrease in light!
? Single/Binary?"
Mass = ?
Radius = ?
Luminosity = ?
Distance = ?
Temperature = ?
Age = ?"
The Palomar 200 inch"
TripleSpec (R~3000 JHK)!
TripleSpec followup of KOIs
"initiated by: Jamie Lloyd (Cornell)"
Phil Muirhead (Caltech à BU) Julie5e Becker (Caltech Junior) Barbara Rojas-­‐Ayala (AMNH) Na and Ca EW trace Metallicity DeformaPon from H2O traces TEff (H2O-­‐K index) Kevin Covey (Lowell) Johnson & Apps 2009 Phil Muirhead (Caltech à BU) Muirhead et al. 2012a Figure courtesy Jamie Lloyd Phil Muirhead (Caltech à BU) Characterizing the Cool KOIs Muirhead+ (2012a,b 2013 in prep) Rojas Ayala+ (2010, 2012) KOI-­‐952/Kepler 32 5 transit system (Swi^+ 2013) KOI 961 The star is only 70% larger than Jupiter! Muirhead, Johnson, Apps et al. 2012"
KOI-256"
From false positive to ApJ"
Phil Muirhead Avi Shporer Andrew Vanderburg Julie5e Becker Muirhead, Vanderburg, Shporer et al. 2013 submi5ed Julie5e Becker (Caltech Junior Class of 2014) Palomar-200/TripleSpec Radial Velocities"
0"
2"
4"
" (days)"
Time"
6"
"
8"
White dwarf"
Transit model by Agol 2003 KOI-952 = Kepler-32"
A tiny solar system"
The Kepler-32 planetary system"
Swi^, Johnson et al. 2013 Jon Swi^ Radii (RE)" 0.8" 1.5" 2.2" 2.0"
Mass (ME)" ?"
?" 3.4" 3.8"
2.7"
?"
The Story of Compact Planetary System Formation"
Swi^, Johnson et al. 2013 •  We have strong evidence that the Kepler-32 planets formed in
< 10 Myr and migrated inward through gaseous disk"
–  Inner planet too close to form there"
–  Middle planetsʼ 3:2:1 commensurability demands a gentle
migration mechanism"
•  The Kepler-32 planets are representative of all of Keplerʼs M
dwarf planets, and therefore M dwarfs throughout the Galaxy "
•  These are powerful constraints on the timescale and nature of
the mechanisms that form some of the most numerous
planetary systems in the Galaxy!"
•  The Solar System is rare.!
–  Most stars are M dwarfs"
–  Most planets formed around M dwarfs"
Jon Swi^ Characterizing the Cool KOIs Muirhead+ (2012a,b 2013 in prep) Rojas Ayala+ (2010, 2012) What is the completeness of the
Kepler survey for planets with RP?"
R* KP RP P b You must consider the sizes of the stars in the survey R*’ KP’ RP P b RP P b’ R*’ KP’ InclinaPons (impact parameters) ma5er RP P’ b’ R*’ KP’ Very important to consider the distribuPon of periods when assessing the occurrence within Pmax Goal: Create a period-normalized
non-parametric radius function"
Tim Morton Jon Swi^ Morton & Swi^ 2013 The SNR Ramp"
Fressin et al. 2013 Morton & Swi^ 2013 Morton & Swi^ 2013 The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets
Around Small Stars"
Dressing & Charbonneau (2013)"
•  The occurrence rate of Earth-size planets in
the habitable zone is 0.15 planets per small
star.!
•  With 95% confidence, there is a transiting
Earth-size planet in the habitable zone of a
small star within 21 pc.!
AAS Long Beach"
Courtney Dressing"
29"
Summary and Conclusions •  We have characterized all of the Cool KOI host stars, and
weʼre gearing up to do more"
–  Stellar astrophysics is the key to understanding Keplerʼs planet
candidates"
•  We have validated and characterized some of the smallest
planets in the Kepler sample by focusing on the M dwarfs"
–  Even the false positives have turned out to be interesting!"
•  We have uncovered clues about the dominant mode of planet
formation throughout the Galaxy"
–  The Solar System is starting to look weird from a Galactic
perspective"
•  We have measured the radius distribution of planets around M
dwarfs"
–  The distribution peaks between 1.0 and 1.5 Rearth and declines
sharply toward smaller radii"
"
Thank you!
and thanks to:"
Caltech ExoLab:
Phil Muirhead
Jon Swift
Tim Morton
Ben Montet
Juliette Becker
Andrew Vanderburg
Leslie Rogers
Becky Jensen-Clem
Marta Bryan
Kristina Hogstrom Sebastian Pineda
Michael Bottom
Melodie Kao
Sasha Hinkley
Jean-Michel Desert
Collaborators:
Jason Wright"
"Avi Shporer"
"Rebekah Dawson"
"Dan Fabrycky"
"Peter Plavchan"
"Barbara Rojas-Ayala"
"Andrew Howard"
"Josh Winn"
"Josh Carter"
"Geoff Marcy"
"Debra Fischer"
"Christoph Barnec"
"Nick Law"
"Reed Riddle
Heather Knutson
"
Christoph Barnec
(Caltech)"
Nick Law
(Toronto)"
Tim Morton Robo-­‐AO Kepler Follow-­‐up PI Baranec et al. 2011 www.astro.caltech.edu/Robo-AO/!
Reed Riddle (Caltech)"
Shriharsh Tendulkar
(Caltech)"
Tim Morton, Law, Barenec et al. (in prep) In collaboration with the Robo-AO team (PI: C. Baranec)"
See presentations: 305.01, 305.03, 334.06"
"
Keck Observatory
NIRC2 + AO Prof. JusPn Crepp (Notre Dame) The California
Planet
Survey (CPS)
Keck
Observatory"
at Keck Observatory!
400 Massive, Evolved Stars
900 Sun-like dwarfs
150 Low-mass M dwarfs
! -­‐ Each with 20+ HIRES spectra -­‐ R ~ 55,000 -­‐S/N ~ 200 KOI-961 = Kepler 42"
The three smallest known exoplanets (for now…)"
AnimaPon Credit: Dan Fabrycky and The Kepler Team Wha?!
Palomar 200-inch TripleSpec"
Barnard’s Star KOI-­‐961 Muirhead, Johnson, Apps et al. 2012"
Transferring Stellar Properties"
KOI 961 and Barnard’s stars are twins! Phil Muirhead Mass à
Radius à
Luminosity à
Temperature à
Age à"
Barnardʼs Star"
Star became much smaller, as did the planets KOI 961"
A Mars-­‐sized planet around a 16th magnitude star But the transit depth is 1 mmag! New record-holder: Kepler-37b "
Barclay et al. (2013), Nature this week"
KOI-952 = Kepler 32"
The story of compact planetary system formation
throughout the Milky Way "
Jon Swi^ M ~ R2.06"
Kepler M dwarf planets •  66 stellar systems •  100 planets* •  1 giant •  48 singles •  7 doubles •  7 triples •  3 quadruples •  1 quintuple *mostly candidates, but vetted! Fabrycky+ (2012a) Lithwick & Wu (2012) M = R2.06"
•  66 stellar systems •  100 planets* •  1 giant •  48 singles •  7 doubles •  7 triples •  3 quadruples •  1 quintuple *mostly candidates, but vetted! need large amount of mass < 0.1 AU gas+solids > 3 MJup (Chiang & Laughlin 2012) factor of 5 (e.g. Andrews+ 2009) to form Kepler 32 in situ factor of 10 (e.g. Andrews+ 2009) > factor of 1000 Kepler-32e"
disk lifetime < 10Myr ~ 1:2:3 period commensurability 32b: 3.4 Msun, 2.2 Rsun,  = 1.7 g/cm3 32c: 3.8 Msun, 2.0 Rsun,  = 2.6 g/cm3 in presence of gas 1 -­‐ 4 g/cc; need volatiles. 5-­‐15% Need within very dust large sublimation Σ in inner d
radius isk Number of Planets Radius distribution of M dwarf planets 2-­‐3 REarth Howard+ 2012 Fressin+ 2013 Dressing+ 2013 log(Planet Radius) http://exolab.caltech.edu!
149.07. Optimizing Doppler Surveys for Planet Yield: "
Michael Bottom; Philip Muirhead; John A. Johnson; Cullen Blake"
"
149.08. Improving Radial Velocity Precision for Faint Star Extra-Solar Planet
Surveys:"
Andrew Vanderburg; John A. Johnson; Philip Muirhead"
"
149.10. Ultra-Precise Radial Velocimetry with Lock-In Amplified Externally
Dispersed Interferometry:"
Rebecca M. Jensen-Clem; Philip Muirhead; Gautam Vasisht; James K.
Wallace; John A. Johnson"
"
158.09. Measuring the Distribution of Active M Dwarfs in the Galaxy:"
J. Sebastian Pineda; Andrew A. West; John J. Bochanski; Adam J. Burgasser"
"
252.12. A Serendipitous Doppler Survey of B-type Stars at Keck with HIRES:"
Juliette Becker; John A. Johnson; Tim Morton"
"
343.18. Retired A Stars and Their Companions: The Latest Discoveries:"
Marta Bryan; John A. Johnson; Andrew Howard"
"
343.23. Model-Independent Stellar and Planetary Masses From MultiTransiting Exoplanetary Systems:"
Benjamin Montet; John A. Johnson"
For a list of talks/posters:
exolab.caltech.edu/news
!
Science outreach in collaboraFon with Jorge Cham of PhD Comics Thank you!
and thanks to:"
Caltech ExoLab:
Phil Muirhead
Jon Swift
Tim Morton
Ben Montet
Juliette Becker
Andrew Vanderburg
Leslie Rogers
Becky Jensen-Clem
Marta Bryan
Kristina Hogstrom Sebastian Pineda
Michael Bottom
Melodie Kao
Sasha Hinkley
Jean-Michel Desert
Collaborators:
Jason Wright"
"Avi Shporer"
"Rebekah Dawson"
"Dan Fabrycky"
"Peter Plavchan"
"Barbara Rojas-Ayala"
"Andrew Howard"
"Josh Winn"
"Josh Carter"
"Geoff Marcy"
"Debra Fischer"
"Christoph Barnec"
"Nick Law"
"Reed Riddle
Heather Knutson
"