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Plant Names Taxonomy Plant taxonomy and systematics are the study of plant family relationships that underlies how plants are named. Plants that are closely related are grouped together in families. The herbarium specimen to the right is a fern collected by Charles Darwin. Herbaria contain dried specimens of plants that represent the "type" for a species. Back to main taxonomy menu Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Historical Plant Classification From antiquity, botanists have looked for a natural order that might inspire an easy-to-use system for classifying and naming plants. As early as 300 B.C., the Greek Theophrastus observed that plants could be divided into trees, shrubs and herbs. His books included : Historia de Plantis and De Causis Plantarum Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Formats for Plant Names Latin phrases There remained no standard format for naming plants into the mid-1700s. Until that time, plant names were often complex Latin phrases that described their physical appearance or their resemblance to other previously described plants. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Formats for Plant Names Latin phrases For example, Veronica persica would have been named - "Veronica flosculis oblongis pediculis insidentibus, chamaedryos folio, major." This mouthful translates as – "the greater speedwell with little oblong flowers on short stalks and leaves like Chamaedryos." Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Formats for Plant Names Latin phrases 1 To the right is an old wood cut from an herbal describing three different daffodils. Their names are provided by L'Obel as Latin phrases. 1. Narcissus montanus omnium minimus mountain daffodil that is altogether small. 3. Narcissus montanus juncifolius minimus alter - mountain daffodil with rush-like leaves, the second of which is smaller. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next 3 2. Narcissus juncifolius flore rotundo roseo Rush-leaved daffodil with circular pink flowers. 2 Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Formats for Plant Names Latin phrases This strawberry from South America was introduced into Europe and is pictured here in an herbal. The Chilean strawberry had a much bigger fruit than its European counterpart. The wood cut shows an exaggerated fruit size as well as a hefty name. Fragaria Chiliensis fructu maximo, foliis carnosis, hirsutis vulgo frutilla. Chilean strawberry with extremely large fruit, fleshy leaves and a hairy common fruit stem. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Attempts at Plant Classification Mathias de L'Obel Andrea Cesalpino Caspar Bauhin However, it wasn't until the 16th Century that European botanists including L'Obel, Cesalpino and Bauhin attempted to classify plants according to a more natural system using morphological features of the plant such as leaf shape and fruit characteristics. These attempts were a good start, but were not entirely satisfactory. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Attempts at Plant Classification L’Obel was born in Belgium, but worked most of his life in England. He is thought to be the first author to organize plants according to their physical relationships (such as leaf shape) rather than their medicinal properties. He recognized the differences between monocots and dicots. His books included Stirpium Adversaria Nova (1570) followed by the richly illustrated Plantarum, Seu, Stirpium Historia in 1576. Mathias L’Obel (1538-1616) Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Attempts at Plant Classification Andrea Cesalpino was an Italian who generally used the Greek system described by Theophrastus of trees, shrubs and herbs, but also attempted to create a more natural plant classification system by using fruits and seeds as plant descriptors. His major work was ”De Plantis” in 1583. It consisted of 16 books and described 1,500 plants. Andrea Cesalpino (1524 - 1603) Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Early Attempts at Plant Classification Caspar (Gaspard) Bauhin was a Swiss botanist who wrote a 12 book treatise on plants titled “Pinax Theatri Botanici” that described over 6,000 plants. It is interesting because several of the books or book sections grouped plants into fairly natural orders like crucifers, composites, or bulbs. His major contribution was the extensive use of two word names (Latin binomials) for the plants in his books. Caspar Bauhin (1560 - 1624) Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names It is interesting to see that as the classification systems became more natural and more plants were being described (even if they had no important medicinal properties), there is also the evolution to shorter more uniform plant names. In 1700, Tournefort published "Institutiones Rei Herbariae." This was a monumental book listing approximately 10,000 plants. It included all the plants known to European botanists. The book's contribution was to group plants together into genera based mostly on flower and fruit parts. He grouped plants into 698 genera and gave reasons for grouping them together. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Joseph Pitton Tournefort (1659-1708) Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Linnaeus Linnaeus The Swedish-born Carl Linnaeus expanded Tournefort's work and changed the way botanists approached grouping and naming plants by publishing his landmark book "Species Plantarum" in 1753. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Linnaeus Linnaeus made two major innovations to taxonomy and nomenclature. First, Linnaeus developed a system for grouping plants into a genus based on flower parts. Second, he decided that all plants should be described by two Latin names. The first name became the genus followed by a species name. This is the system of binomial nomenclature still used today. Linnaeus Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Linnaeus Linnaeus established his "System Naturae" based on 24 categories recognized by the number and shape of the plant's male stamens. These were further subdivided into additional classes according to the number of female pistils and styles. Back to main taxonomy menu Back Next Back to plant names menu Main menu Plant Names Linnaeus Initially, there was some debate and not too subtle jealousy among competing botanists over Latin binomials. Eventually, Latin binomials (Genus species) became the standard for naming plants. However, if a botanist disliked a particular name, he would just assign it another name. Also, new plants could be assigned multiple names without botanists realizing it. There was a need for some standards. Linnaeus Back to main taxonomy menu Back Continue to next section Back to plant names menu Main menu