Download The digestive system

Essential
Science Plus
6 PRIMARY
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Contents
UNIT
1
TOPICS
Nutrition
4
2
Sensitivity I
14
3
Sensitivity II
24
4
Reproduction
34
PRACTISING COMPETENCES
• Nutrition and diet
• The digestive system
• The respiratory system
• The circulatory system
• Blood circulation
• The excretory system
Learning basic first aid procedures
• The function of sensitivity
• The skin, the tongue and the nose
• The eyes
• The ears
• The locomotor system
• Movement
Being physically active
• The nervous system
• Central and peripheral nervous systems
• Voluntary and reflex movements
• The endocrine system
• The endocrine glands
• Internal coordination
Testing your reaction time
• Sexual characteristics
• The female reproductive system
• The male reproductive system
• Fertilization
• Pregnancy
• Birth and lactation
Differentiating between identical
and fraternal twins
• General properties of matter
• Specific properties of matter
• Classification of matter by composition
• Physical states of matter
• Physical changes in matter
• Chemical changes in matter
Separating different types of
mixtures
• Forms of energy
• Properties of energy
• Renewable energy sources
• Non-renewable energy sources
• Energy consumption and saving
• Light
Understanding and interpreting
scientific information
END OF TERM
5
Matter
46
6
Energy
56
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UNIT
7
TOPICS
Electricity
and magnetism
66
8
Machines
and technology
76
PRACTISING COMPETENCES
• Electrical charges
• Electric currents
• Electric circuits
• Production and distribution of electricity
• Magnets and electromagnets
• Uses of magnets
Building an electric circuit to test
conductivity
• Types of machines
• Uses of machines
• Inside a machine
• Technological advances
• Computers
• The Internet
Managing your time with electronic
devices
• Plains
• Mountains
• Coasts and islands
• Rivers and lakes
• European climates
• European vegetation
Researching the climate and
vegetation of a country
• The population of Europe
• The European Union
• Institutions of the European Union
• Accomplishments of the European Union
• The territorial organization of Spain
• The political organization of Spain
Interpreting population pyramids
• The discovery of America
• Consequences of the conquest
• The Spanish Empire
• Charles I and Philip II
• The decline of the Spanish Empire
• The War of the Spanish Succession
Creating a data sheet about
a historical source
• Bourbon Spain
• The 19th century
• The 20th century
• Transition and democracy
• Spain’s modern democracy
• Major events in democracy
Analysing a historical painting
END OF TERM
9
Landscapes
of Europe
88
10
The population
and organization
of Europe
98
11
Spain in
the Modern
Age
108
12
Spain from
the 18th century
118
END OF TERM AND KEY VOCABULARY
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1
1.1
Nutrition
Blood is a gift of life. Donating blood is extremely
important, because blood transfusions are needed
in many operations. Blood is required in organ
transplants, after traffic accidents and in the
treatment of illnesses that require blood
components, such as chemotherapy.
There is no substitute for blood. In Spain, a blood
transfusion is needed every two minutes. To become
a blood donor, you must be healthy, 18 years old
or over, and you must weigh at least 50 kilograms.
Thanks to blood donations, many lives are saved
every year and many people recover from serious
illnesses.
LOOK, READ AND SAY
Why is donating blood so important?
Name three situations where a blood
transfusion is needed.
What are the requirements to become
a blood donor?
Do you know anybody who has needed
a blood transfusion?
Would you like to be a blood donor one day?
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Unit 1
REFRESH YOUR MEMORY!
NUTRITION
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Foods contain nutrients. The main groups
of nutrients are…
Digestion is the process by which…
a. carbohydrates, fats, proteins, saliva
and vitamins.
a. our body eliminates the parts of food
we do not need.
b. the heart pumps blood around our body.
b. carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals
and vitamins.
c. the blood carries nutrients and oxygen
to parts of our body.
c. blood, saliva, oils and gastric juices.
d. milk, calcium, yoghurt and cheese.
d. our body breaks down food to absorb
nutrients.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Which parts of the body make up the
respiratory system?
What is the function of the kidneys?
a. The nose, mouth, trachea, lungs
and bronchi.
a. To carry blood back to the heart from
the rest of the body.
b. To store urine.
b. The heart, lungs, trachea, arteries
and bronchi.
c. To filter the blood and reabsorb useful
nutrients.
c. The nose, mouth, trachea, lungs
and kidneys.
d. To filter the blood and reabsorb urine
and other waste substances.
d. The heart, bladder, trachea, lungs
and bronchi.
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? Test your partner.
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Nutrition and diet
1.2
Nutrition
A
B
Digestive system.
Respiratory system.
C
D
Circulatory system.
Excretory system.
Nutrition is a combination of processes which supply our
body with the substances and the energy we need to live.
There are four processes involved in nutrition:
Digestion. This involves obtaining nutrients from food
for our body to use. Digestion takes place in the
digestive system.
Respiration. This involves obtaining the oxygen we
need to live, and releasing carbon dioxide. Respiration
takes place in the respiratory system.
Circulation. This involves transporting nutrients,
oxygen and waste products throughout the body.
Circulation takes place in the circulatory system.
Excretion. This involves eliminating waste produced in
our body. Excretion takes place in the excretory system.
1.3
Diet
A complete balanced diet means eating the right amount of food from each of the food groups.
You should drink water regularly.
Don't eat too many sweets and animal fats.
Fats provide energy. Oils and butter.
Proteins are necessary for growth, and to repair our
body. Meat, fish, eggs, legumes, seeds and nuts.
Vitamins and minerals are necessary for our body
to function properly. Fruit and vegetables.
Fibre helps maintain a healthy digestive system.
Vegetables, whole grains and cereals.
Carbohydrates provide energy. Cereals, rice.
Water is an essential nutrient. It transports
other nutrients and waste around the body.
The food pyramid.
Activities
1 Write one sentence in your notebook about each of the four processes involved in nutrition.
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Unit 1
The digestive system
1.4
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into nutrients that our body can use. It normally
takes 24 to 48 hours to digest food. Digestion begins in the mouth and ends at the anus.
The digestive system consists of one long tube, the digestive tube, and the helper glands.
The stages of digestion are:
Food is digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
Digested food is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine.
Remaining solid food (without excess water) turns into faeces in the large intestine.
Faeces leave the body through the anus.
digestive tube
Mouth. It contains teeth
that break down food.
helper glands
Pharynx.
Salivary glands.
They produce saliva.
Oesophagus. It connects
the mouth and the stomach.
Stomach. It produces
gastric juices.
Liver. It releases bile
into the small intestine.
Small intestine. It is covered
with tiny, finger-like
projections, called villi and
produces intestinal juices.
Pancreas. It releases
pancreatic juice into
the small intestine.
Large intestine. It forms solid
waste called faeces. Anus.
It is the opening for faeces.
The digestive system.
Activities
1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the diagram. Describe to your partner what happens
when you eat an apple, from when you take a bite, to when you go to the toilet.
2 Copy and complete the sentences and write them in order.
a. Solid waste forms in the
.
b. Gastric juices are produced in the
c. Faeces are released through the
d. Food is broken down with
.
. mixed with
.
and
e. Nutrients are absorbed in the
.
3 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the food pyramid on page 6. With a partner, name
the food groups and the foods they include. What foods do you eat regularly?
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The respiratory system
1.5
Respiration is the process by which we breathe in or inhale, to obtain the oxygen our body
needs, and we breathe out, or exhale, to expel the carbon dioxide our body produces.
Respiration takes place in the respiratory system. It consists of the air passageways
and the lungs.
nostrils
pharynx
larynx
air sacs
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs
The respiratory system.
When we inhale, air enters through the nostrils, goes to the pharynx, then, travels down
the larynx and the trachea. The trachea is divided into two branches called the bronchi.
The bronchi take the air to each lung.
Inside the lungs, the bronchi are divided into smaller branches called bronchioles.
The bronchioles lead to the air sacs. Air sacs are moist surfaces in the lungs where gas
exchange takes place: oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.
Activities
1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the diagram. Tell your partner what happens
when you breathe in and breathe out. Which part of the body is common
to both the respiratory and the digestive systems?
2 Use only the words related to the respiratory system to write sentences.
bronchioles – small intestine – lungs – bile – nostrils
pancreas – air sacs – stomach – trachea – teeth
3 SPEAKING. Discuss with your partner ways to keep your respiratory system healthy.
Example: Ithink it is healthy for my respiratory system to go for walks in the fresh air.
I think it is bad for the respiratory system to…
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Unit 1
The circulatory system
1.6
Circulation is the movement of blood through
the circulatory system. Blood carries nutrients
and oxygen to all parts of the body and collects waste
substances to be eliminated.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood
and blood vessels.
heart
arteries
veins
The heart
The heart is a special type of muscle. It acts as a pump
to send blood around the body through the blood
vessels. The heart has four chambers:
capilliaries
The right and left atria where blood enters the heart.
The right and left ventricles where blood leaves
the heart.
Blood vessels
Blood vessels are tubes which transport blood
throughout the body. There are three types:
The circulatory system and the heart.
right
atrium
left
atrium
Arteries. These carry blood away from the heart
towards all body tissues.
Veins. These carry blood back to the heart from
all body tissues.
Capillaries. These have very thin walls. This allows
for nutrients and oxygen to pass into the body cells,
and for carbon dioxide and waste to leave the cells.
right
ventricle
left
ventricle
Cross section of the heart.
Activities
1.7
1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Find the arteries, veins and capillaries on the diagram
of the circulatory sytem. Explain to your partner how the heart works. Are the four
chambers in the heart connected?
2 Read and answer the questions.
a. Which substances travel through the blood vessels into the body cells?
b. Which substances travel through the blood vessels away from the body cells?
c. Which part of the circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood?
d. In which chambers does blood enter the heart? From which chambers does blood exit?
e. Which blood vessels connect the arteries and veins?
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Blood
1.8
The components of blood
plasma
Blood is a liquid substance in our body that transports
nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste. Blood is
made up of:
Plasma. This is a clear fluid which transports nutrients
and waste around the body.
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
Blood composition.
Red blood cells. These carry oxygen from the lungs
to all body cells.
White blood cells. These protect the body from
germs and disease.
pulmonary
circulation
Platelets. These are fragments of old cells. They help
stop bleeding from wounds.
Blood circulation
Blood moves constantly through the circulatory system
through two separate circuits:
The pulmonary circuit. This carries blood to the lungs
to expel carbon dioxide, and to obtain oxygen and
bring it back to the heart.
The systemic circuit. This carries blood with nutrients
and oxygen to the rest of the body and returns blood
with carbon dioxide and waste back to the heart.
systemic
circulation
blood with
low oxygen
blood with
high oxygen
Blood circulation.
Investigate!
How can you change your pulse rate?
Your pulse rate, or heart rate, tells you the number of times your heart
beats in a minute. You are going to take your pulse in different situations.
1 Find your pulse on your wrist. Count the number of beats while
your partner times you for 15 seconds. Multiply this number
by four to calculate the number of beats in a minute.
2 Take your pulse again in the following situations. Then, complete the table.
situation
sitting
standing
after running for
one minute
after jumping for one
minute
pulse rate
3 Is your pulse rate always the same? When is your pulse rate the slowest/fastest?
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Unit 1
The excretory system
1.9
Excretion is the elimination of waste substances from
the blood.
The excretory system consists of the kidneys, the ureters,
the bladder and the urethra.
The kidneys filter the blood, retain waste substances and use
them to produce urine. They also reabsorb useful nutrients
and water and put them back into the blood. The ureters carry
urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urine is stored
in the bladder until it leaves the body through the urethra.
The importance of water
All blood is filtered by the kidneys about 300 times per day.
Our body is about two thirds water, so the kidneys also
help to maintain a water balance by producing more
or less urine, depending on how much water we drink.
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
The excretory system.
Activities
1 Talk to your partner about the diagram of blood circulation on page 10. What are
the two types of circuits? What is the function of each type?
2 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the diagram above. Describe the excretory
system to your partner. How is urine produced and eliminated?
Why is it important to drink a lot of water?
3 Correct the mistake in each sentence. Then, write them in order.
a. The urethra carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
b. Urine is stored in the ureters.
c. The kidneys filter the urine.
d. Urine leaves the body through the bladder.
4 Search the Internet for information about how to take care of the excretory
system. Write down healthy and unhealthy habits.
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Practising competences
LEARNING BASIC FIRST AID PROCEDURES
Do you know how to help when somebody is injured? Here are some simple
first aid procedures to follow in different situations.
As a general rule, STAY CALM
burn
Choking
twisted ankle
Cool the burn under cold,
running water for 10 minutes.
Then, cover it with a plastic
bag. If the burn is serious, ask
an adult for help or call
the emergency number, 112.
Firmly slap the patient on the
back until the object is expelled.
If the object is not expelled
and choking continues, ask
an adult for help or call
the emergency number, 112.
Apply ice to the ankle. Keep
the ankle immobile. Then, ask
an adult for help or call
the emergency number, 112.
MAKE A FIRST AID POSTER
a. With a partner, discuss each situation. Have you ever experienced any of these
situations? Did someone give you first aid? Write a short dialogue for one
of the situations.
b. In small groups, think about other emergency situations. Find out what to do for
these situations: a deep cut, a wasp sting, head concussion.
c. Prepare a first aid poster. Draw some emergency situations. Write what to do
in each case.
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Unit 1
Show what you know
1 Copy and complete the table.
nutrients
function
present in
carbohydrates
bacon...
growth and repair
vitamins and minerals
fruit...
whole grains
2 Copy the diagram and complete the parts of the digestive system in order.
liver
mouth
stomach
3 Copy and complete the sentences about the respiratory system.
a. Air enters the body through the
b. Then it goes through the
, the
c. The trachea is divided into two
.
and the
.
which take the air towards each
d. Inside each lung, bronchi are divided into
which end in
e. In the air sacs,
leaves the blood.
enters the blood and
4 Look at the diagram.
What system is it?
Copy it and label the parts.
.
.
A
B
C
D
5 SPEAKING. Read and discuss with your partner the mistake in each description.
a. A complete balanced diet means eating the same amount of food from each
of the food groups.
b. The stomach, pancreas and liver are helper glands.
c. Bronchioles are moist surfaces in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
d. Arteries carry blood back to the heart from all body tissues.
e. When you cut your finger, red blood cells help close the wound.
f. Urine is stored in the urethra until it leaves the body.
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