Download 5-Discipline of HCI

Virtual University
Human-Computer Interaction
Lecture 5
Discipline of HCI
Imran Hussain
University of Management and Technology (UMT)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• Usability
– Definition
“Ensuring that interactive products are easy to learn, effective to user
and enjoyable from the
user’s perspective (Preece etal)”
– Usability Goals
Effectiveness
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Utility
Efficiency
Learnability
Safety
Memorablity
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• User Experience
– Definition
– User Experience Goals
• Relationship of Usability and User Experience
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
User Experience Goals
• Satisfying
• Aesthetically Pleasing
• Enjoyable
• Supportive to Creativity
• Fun
• Rewarding
• Entertaining
• Emotionally Fullfilling
• Helpful
• Motivating
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• Relationship of Usability and User Experience
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
Usability
Goals
User Experience Goals
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Fun
Satisfying
Emotionally
fullfilling
Efficient to
use
enjoyable
Effective
to use
Easy to
remember
Rewarding
Usability
Goals
Entertaining
Easy to
learn
Safe to
use
Supportive of
creativity
Have good
utility
Aesthetically
pleasing
helpful
Motivating
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• History and Evolution of HCI
– 1960’s Research
– 1970’s Technological Explosion
– The Three Systems
• Dynabook
• Star
• Lisa
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Last Lecture’s Revelation
“Don’t Make me THINK, is the key
to a usable product”
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In Today’s Lecture
• Usability and Quality
• Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
• Disciplines contributing to HCI
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quote of the Day – Terry Winograd
“HCI is the kind of discipline which is neither the study of humans nor the study
of technology, but rather the bridging between the two. So you always have
to have one eye open to the questions:
– What can the technology do?
– How can you build it ?
– What are the possibilities?
And one eye open to the question
– What are people doing and how would this fit in
– What would they do with it ?
If you lose sight of either of those you fail to design well .. I think the challenge is
to really keep knowledge of both the technology and the people playng ff
against each other in order to develop new things”
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Usability and Quality
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality and Software
• What is Quality?
– You like a product
– Does not break down
• QA Teams
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is conformance to specifications
(British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is conformance to requirements
(Philip Crosby)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is fitness for purpose or use
(Juran)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and
dependability, at low cost and suited to the market
(Edward Deming)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is synonymous with customer needs and
expectations
(R J Mortiboys)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the
customer- now and in the future
(Mike Robinson)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is the total composite product and service
characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing
and maintenance through which the product and service
in use will meet the expectations by the customer
(Armand Feigenbaum)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its
ability to satisfy stated and implied needs
(ISO 8402 : 1994)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is a Product?
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Product
• A generic term that refers to
– Goods
– Services
• Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have
serious negative consequences
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
… implied needs must be turned into requirements …
PMBOK
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Software Quality
• The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Functionality
Reliability
Usability
Efficiency
Maintainability
Portability
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Software QA Teams
• Only test requirements
• Customers and users
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
The Dual Nature of Usability
• Usability is both
Strategic
Tactical
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is HCI?
•
HCI is a large interdisciplinary area
•
Emerging as specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different
emphases
– Computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces)
– Psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical
analysis of user behavior)
– Sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and
organization)
– Industrial design (interactive products)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is HCI?
•
HCI concerned with:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Joint performance of tasks by humans and machines
Structure of communication between human and machine
Human capabilities to use machines
Algorithms and programming of interfaces
Engineering concerns in designing and building interfaces
Process of design, specification and implementation
Design trade-offs
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is HCI?
• Various aspects
– Science
• Human capabilities to use machines
– Engineering
• Building interfaces
– Design
• Design tradeoffs
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Case Study – Ticketing System
• A small ticketing agency has many shops distributed throughout the
country
• Feels the need to install efficient ticketing system, for survival
• Manual Issuing Procedure
–
–
–
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Call airlines to check for vacant seats
Check with customer if the available seat is suitable
Then ticket is written out manually
Customer receipts and intinerary
– Accounting for issued tickets every two weeks
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Case Study – Ticketing System - Research
• The research on existing ticketing systems reveal
– Computers always going wrong
– Lack of trust in computers
– Staff unable to understand messages
• The Result
– Sales figures had dropped and were disappointing
– A large number of sales staff had left
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Ticketing System - Recommendations
• Immediate booking via Internet
• Automatic print-out of tickets, itineraries and receipts
• Direct connection between booking system and accounting system
• Elimination of booking forms
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Ticketing System - Recommendations
• Layout of the agency needs to be changed for staff to operate
computers
• Staff training
• Changes to job design
• Support to older staff during period of change
• Changes to employment conditions must be examined
• Staff relationship with other non-techi staff members (Technology
Power)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Factors in HCI
Organizational Factors
Environmental Factors
Training, job design, politics, roles Work organization
Noise, heating, ventilation,lighting
Health and Safety
Stress, headaches,
Musculo-skeleton,
disorders
Cognitive processes and capabilities
The User
Motivation, Enjoyment, Satisfaction, Personality
Experience level
Comfort Level
Seating
Equipment
layout
User Interface
Input devices, output displays, dialogue structures, User of colour, icons, commands, graphics, natural language
3-D, user support materials, multimedia
Task Factors
Easy, complex, novel, Task allocation, repetitive,Monitoring, skills, multi-media
Constraints
Costs, timescales, budgets, Staff, equipment, building structure
System Functionality
Hardware, software, application
Productivity Factors
Increase output, increase quality, decrease costs, decrease errors,Decrease labour requirements, decrease
production time,
Increase creative and innovative ideas leading to new products
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
• HCI is understanding the Complex Relationship between Human
and Computers
• Two Distinct “Species”
• Successful Integration is dependent upon the a better understanding
of both Species
• Hence HCI borrows and establishes its roots in Disciplines
concerned with both
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
• HCI has roots in many disciplines
• HCI is inter-disciplinary in nature
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Cognitive
Psychology
Social
Organizational
Psychology
Linguistics
Anthropology
Ergonomics
&
Human
Factor
HCI
Philosophy
Design
Computer
Science
Artificial
Intelligence
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
Engineering
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Human Side
• Cognitive Psychology
• Social Organizational Psychology
• Ergonomics and human Factors
• Linguistics
• Philosophy
• Sociology
• Anthropology
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Cognitive Psychology
• Understanding human behavior and mental processes
• Human information processing
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–
–
–
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See
Feel
Touch
Smell
Taste
• How much information can be processed and remembered
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Social Organizational Psychology
• Studying nature and causes of human behavior in social context
• Four core concerns
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–
–
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Influence of one individual on another person’s attitude and behavior
Impact of a group on its member’s attitude and behavior
Impact of a member on group’s activities and structure
Relationship between the structure and activities of different groups
• Informs designers how computers affect working practices
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Ergonomics or Human Factors
• To define and design tools and various artifacts for different work,
leisure and domestic environment to suit the capacities and
capabilities of users
• Ergonomist translates the above information from the above
mentioned sciences into context of design of products
• Increase feelings of comfort and satisfaction
• Concerns
– Hardware design
– Radiation from VDUs
– Repetitive Strain Injury (RPI)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Linguistics
• Scientific study of languages
• Command-object (delete ‘report’ OR ‘report’ delete)
• Understanding structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics)
• HCI goal is to develop natural language interfaces
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology
• Contribution in the sense of Soft Sciences for HCI
• Considers introduction of IT in society
• Ethnography involves observing people
• Cognitive psychology tries to predict
• Computer Supported Cooperative Writing
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Computer Side
• Computer Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Engineering
• Design
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Other Disciplines
•
Computer Science
– Provides knowledge about capability of technology
– Developing techniques to support software design, development and
maintenance
•
Artificial Intelligence
– Intelligent Computing concerned with simulating human behaviour
– HCI – development of expert and tutoring systems
•
Engineering
– Engineering takes finding of sciences and utilizes them in the production of
artifacts
•
Design
– Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Discipline of HCI
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What We Learnt Today …
• Factors in HCI
• Interdisciplinary nature of HCI
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Cognitive
Psychology
Social
Organizational
Psychology
Linguistics
Anthropology
Ergonomics
&
Human
Factor
HCI
Philosophy
Design
Computer
Science
Artificial
Intelligence
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
Engineering
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Next Lecture
• Human Side of HCI
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT