Download The Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System
The Visceral Nerve
内脏神经
Ling Shucai
Introduction
• Place of the PNS in the structural organization of the
nervous system
• Comparision of the somatic and autonomic nervous
system.
Place of the PNS in the structural organization of the nervous system
CNS
PNS
Sensory division
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
Motor division
Autonomic
nervous
system
Somatic
nervous
system
Comparision of the somatic and autonomic nervous system
躯体运动神经与内脏运动神经之比较
Main differences between somatic motor and visceral motor n.
躯体运动神经与内脏运动神经之区别
Effectors
Somatic
Visceral
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac, smooth muscles and glands
From lower center Single neuron
to effect require
Two neurons: preganglionic neuron (fiber)
and postganglionic neuron (fiber)
Kind of fibers
One
Two: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Fibers
Thick myelinated
Distributive form
Nerve trunk
Nerve plexuses
Control
Voluntary
(consciousness)
Involuntary (unconsciousness )
Preganglionic: thin myelinated
Postganglionic: unmyelinated
The visceral nervous system
¾Compositions:
1. Visceral sensory nerve
2. Visceral motor nerve
(ANS ， Autonomic Nervous System)
Sympathetic nerves 交感神经
Parasympathetic nerves 副交感神经
3. Centers of visceral nerves
Main differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic
交感与副交感神经之区别
Sympathetic 交感神经
Parasympathetic 副交感神经
Lower center
Lateral gray horn of
spinal cord segments
T1~L3
Four pairs parasympathetic
nuclei and sacral
parasympathetic nucleus
Ganglia
Paravertebral, 椎旁节
prevertebral 椎前节
Terminal 终节
Preganglionic f.
Shorter
Longer
Postganglionic f.
Longer
Shorter
Pre: Postganglionic
1: many more
1: a few
Distributions
Throughout the body
Limited primarily to head
and viscera of thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis
Different action
Prepares for emergency
situation (fight or flight)
Conserve and restore body
energy (rest and relaxation)
Sympathetic Nerve System 交感神经系统
Lower center:
in lateral horn of T1~ L3 (or C8~L3 )
segments of spinal cord
(intermediolateral nucleus)
Peripheral part: sympathetic trunks 交感干
sympathetic ganglia 交感神经节
sympathetic plexuses 交感神经丛
sympathetic nerves 交感神经
communicating branches 节间支
• Lower center: 低级中枢
located in lateral gray horn of spinal cord
segments T1~L3
Peripheral part:周围部
1. sympathetic trunks
¾ paravertebral ganglia
¾ Interganglionic branches
2. sympathetic ganglia
¾ paravertebral ganglia
¾ prevertebral ganglia
3. sympathetic plexuses
4. sympathetic nerves
5. communicating branches
¾ gray ramus
¾ white ramus
Sympathetic trunk 交感干
• Formed by paravertebral ganglia and
interganglionic branches
• Lie on either side of vertebral column
from base of skull to coccyx
• The trunks of two side unite in front
of the coccyx at a small swelling, the
ganglion impar (奇节）
Sympathetic trunks
Paravertebral ganglia 交感神经节
• Arranged on either side of vertebral
column
• Consist of 19~22 of oval-shaped ganglia
– cervical ganglion
3
– thoracic ganglion
10~12
– lumbar ganglion
4~5
– sacral ganglion
2~3
– coccygeal ganglion
1
Cervical ganglion
Thoracic ganglion
1
Prevertebral ganglia 椎前节
2
Lie anterior to vertebral column
and near the arteries for which
they are named
1.
Celiac ganglion
腹腔神经节
2.
Aorticorenal ganglion
主动脉肾节
3.
Superior mesenteric ganglion
肠系膜上神经节
4.
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
肠系膜下神经节
3
Three fates of preganglionic fibers
节前纤维的三种去向
Preganglionic fibers 15 pairs white communicating branch
(only spinal levels T1~L3 have
white communicating branch)
Sympathetic trunk
Three fates of preganglionic fibers
• Relay in corresponding ganglion
• Ascend or descend in
sympathetic trunk and relay in
higher or lower ganglia
• Pass without synapse to a
prevertebral ganglion for relay
• Greater splanchnic nerve 内脏大神经
formed by preganglionic fibers from
T5~T9 ganglia, and relay in celiac
ganglion.
• Lesser splanchnic nerve 内脏小神经
formed by preganglionic fibers from
T10~T12 ganglia, and relay in
aorticorenal ganglion.
• The postganglionic fibers supply the
liver, spleen, kidney and alimentary
tract as far as the left colic flexure.
• Lumbar splanchnic nerve 腰内脏神经
– Formed by preganglionic fibers
from L1~L4 ganglia, and relay in
prevertebral ganglia (Inferior
mesenteric ganglion 肠系膜下节).
– The postganglionic fibers supply
descending and sigmoid colon,
rectum, pelvic viscera and lower
limbs.
Three fates of postganglionic fibers
节后纤维的三种去向
• Back to a spinal nerve along
gray communicating branches
灰交通支 ( 31 pairs ) to
terminate in blood vessels,
arrectores pilorum and sweat
glands of head, neck, trunk
and limbs
• The fibers from their
networks around blood
vessels passing to visceral
end organs
• Terminate directly in certain
organs
Distribution of sympathetic nerve
交感神经的分布
Preganglionic fibers
Postganglionic fibers
节前纤维
节后纤维
T1~T5
Head, neck, upper limb and
thoracic viscera
T5~T12
Abdominal viscera
L1~L3
Pelvic viscera and lower limb
Parasympathetic Nerve System 副交感神经系统
Parasympathetic nerve 副交感神经
• Lower center: located in four pairs parasympathetic nuclei in
brain stem and in sacral parasympathetic nucleus of spinal cord
segments S2~S4
• Parasympathetic ganglia: terminal ganglia are near or within the
wall of a visceral organ
– Para-organ ganglia 器官旁节：
• Ciliary ganglion 睫状神经节
• Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节
• Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节
• Otic ganglion 耳神经节
– Intramural ganglia 壁内节
Cranial portion 颅部
Ⅲ
sphincter pupillae and
ciliary muscles
瞳孔括约肌和睫状肌
ciliary ganglion
睫状神经节
Ⅶ
Ⅸ
Ⅹ
pterygopalatine ganglion
蝶腭神经节
submandibular ganglion
下颌下神经节
otic ganglion 耳神经节
terminal ganglia 终节
lacrimal gland 泪腺
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
舌下腺和下颌下腺
parotid gland 腮腺
heart, lungs, liver, spleen
kidneys,alimentary tract
as far as left colic flexure
Sacral portion 骶部
• Preganglionic fibers from sacral
parasympathetic nucleus leave
spinal cord with anterior roots of
the spinal nerves S2~S4,
• Then leave sacral nerves and form
pelvic splanchnic nerve and travel
by way of pelvic plexus to terminal
ganglia in pelvic cavity
• Postganglionic fibers terminate in
descending and sigmoid colon,
rectum and pelvic viscera
Visceral sensory nerves 内脏感觉神经
Nucleus of solitary tract孤束核
Ⅶ，Ⅸ, Ⅹ
Thalamus丘脑
Cerebral
cortex
大脑皮质
Enteroceptors
Posterior horn 后角
Sympathetic nerve
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
交感和副交感神经
Hypothalamus
下丘脑
Effectors
Somatic motor neurons
visceral motor neuclei
Referred pain 牵涉痛
Referred pain
Heart
Lungs and
diaphragm
Liver
Gallbladder
Gallbladder
Heart
Appendix
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Ovaries
Colon
Kidneys
Urinary
bladder
Ureters
思考题
1. 内脏运动神经与躯体运动神经在形态结构上有何不同？
2. 交感神经和副交感神经在形态结构上有何区别？
3. 解释：节前神经元、节后神经元、节前纤维、节后纤维
4. 指出下列神经的性质：内脏大神经、内脏小神经、腰内脏神经、盆内
脏神经
5. 指出下列神经节的性质：睫状神经节、翼腭神经节、下颌下神经节、
耳神经节、三叉神经节、腹腔神经节、肠系膜上神经节、肠系膜下神
经节、主动脉肾节、脊神经节
Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
脊 髓
The Spinal Cord
1. External features 外形
2. Internal structure 内部结构
3. Functions 功能
1. External features:
¾
位置（Location）:
foramen magnum →
lower border of first lumbar vertebra
¾
8条沟（fissure or sulci):
¾
2个膨大（Enlargements):
颈膨大 cervical enlargement: C4-T1
腰骶膨大 lumbar enlargement: L2-S3
¾
脊髓圆锥 Conus medullaris:
¾
终丝 Filum terminale:
¾
31个节段（Segment):
External longitudinal fissure and sulci
posterior lateral sulcus
anterior lateral
sulcus
posterior median sulcus
anterior median
fissure
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Spinal segment 脊髓节段
It's a part of spinal cord, which is connected
with the rootlets of a pair of spinal nerve.
31 segments
cervical segments
thoracic segments
lumbar segments
sacral segments
coccygeal segments
8
12
5
5
1
Corresponding relationship between
spinal segments and vertebrae
spinal segments
C1-C4
C5 ~ C8, T l~ T4
vertebrae bodies
C1-C4
C4 ~ T3
T5 ~ T8
T3 ~ T6
T9-T12
T6-T9
L1-L5
T10-T12
S l~S5,Co1
LI
2. Internal structure
• Gray matter and central canal 灰质和中央管
• White matters 白质
Gray matter
central canal
posterior horn
¾ Parts 分部:
¾ Main nuclei 主要核团:
Intermediate
zone
Lateral horn 外侧角
(only extends from
lateral horn
Tl to L3 segments.)
gray commissure 灰质联合
(anterior and posterior )
anterior horn
Gray matter gray commissure
anterior horn 前角:
medial group
lateral group
intermediate zone 中间带:
the nucleus
posteromarginalis
the substantia
gelatinosa
the nucleus proprius
intermediolateral nucleus中间外侧核
intermediomedial nucleus中间内侧核 the dorsal nucleus
posterior horn 后角:
nucleus posteromarginalis 边缘核
substantial gelatinosa 胶状质
nucleus proprius 固有核
dorsal nucleus 背核
(thoracic nucleus 胸核)
(thoracic nucleus)
intermediolateral
nucleus
Intermediomedial
nucleus:
lateral group
medial group
The nuclei and the laminas （板层）
the nucleus
posteromarginalis
the substantia
gelatinosa
the nucleus proprius
the dorsal nucleus
(thoracic nucleus)
intermediolateral
nucleus
Intermediomedial
nucleus:
lateral group
medial group
White matter:
¾ 3 parts: anterior, lateral and posterior funiculus
posterior median sulcus
posterior funiculus
posterior lateral sulcus
funiculus proprius
lateral
funiculus
anterior white
commissure
anterior median
fissure
anterior lateral sulcus
anterior funiculus
¾ Main tracts (or fasciculi):
Ascending tracts 上行纤维束:
• fasciculus gracilis(薄束）: come from
sacral, lumbar and lower six thoracic
nerves, terminate upon nucleus gracilis
• fascicules cuneatus（楔束）: come from
cervical and upper six thoracic nerves,
terminate upon nucleus cuneatus.
*conducts the fine tactile and
kinesthetic sense of the ipsilateral trunk
and limbs.
fascicules
cuneatus
fascicules
gracilis
thalamus
• Spinothalamic tracts（脊髓丘脑束）
anterior spinothalamic tracts
lateral spinothalamic tracts
--- arises from opposite nucleus
proprius
--- terminate on thalamus
--- conduct pain, thermal and rough
tactile sense of opposite trunk and
limbs
anterior
spinothalamic
tracts
lateral
spinothalamic
tracts
nucleus proprius
¾ Descending tracts 下行纤维束
lateral corticospinal tract:
--- arises from opposite cerebral
cortex
--- descends through lateral
funiculus of spinal cord
--- terminate on ipsilateral
anterior horn (lateral group)
--- controls the contraction of
skeletal muscles of ipsilateral
limbs
anterior corticospinal tract:
--- controls the movement of
bilateral muscles of trunk
lateral
corticospinal
tract
anterior
corticospinal
tract
Decussatio Pyramidum
锥体交叉
Other descending tracts:
they are related to regulate muscles
Fascicules gracilis
fascicules cuneatus
lateral
corticospinal
tract
Rubrospinal
tract
anterior
spinothalamic
tracts
Reticulospinal
tract
anterior
spinothalamic
tracts
vestibulospinal
tract
tectospinal tract
anterior corticospinal
tract
3. Functions:
¾ To convey afferent impulses,
which come from somatic and
visceral receptors to the brain,
and conduct efferent impulses
from brain to effectors.
¾ Related to reflexes
思考题
•
哪些沟或裂？有哪些膨大？位于何处？
•
马尾位于何处？由哪些结构组成？
•
何为脊髓节段？第6胸椎外伤可能会损伤到哪个节段的脊髓？
•
脊髓的前角、后角和侧角各含有什么神经元，有什么功能？
•
脊髓白质内有哪些重要的纤维束？试述其位置、起源以及纤维性质。
•
试述脊髓各代表断面有何特征？试绘图表示脊髓横断面的各结构。