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SCUOLA MEDIA VOLTA - BOLOGNA A. S. 2012-2013 Content and language integrated learning SUBJECT: CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONICS CLASS: 3°A – 3°C - 3° D – 3°H PLATE TECTONICS VOLCANOES A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust. It allows hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface. TYPES OF VOLCANO There are two types of volcano, composite and shield. Composite volcanoes are steep-sided and cone-shaped, made up of layers of ash and lava and containing sticky lava which doesn’t flow very far. Composite volcanoes are steep and made from layers of ash and lava. Fujiyama, Giappone Vesuvio, Italia Etna, Italia Mount St. Helens, Rocky Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Mount Etna in Italy is a composite volcano. MOUNT PINATUBO EXPLOSION, PHILIPPINES, 1991 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WecgO8cBcZY&NR=1&feature=endscreen Shield volcanoes have gently sloping sides and runny lava that covers a wide area. Gases escape very easily from shield volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are very gently sloped and made from layers of lava. Mauna Loa in Hawaii is a shield volcano. Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano in the world. At 1:30 a.m. on March 25, 1984, it woke up suddenly CASE STUDY: MOUNT NYIRAGONGO ERUPTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTXG-ahu120 Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo The world's most dramatic example of a lava flow through a major town. 17 January 2002 Nyiragongo is part of the East African Rift Valley, an area of many faults where the plates are being stretched as they move away from each other. Cause of the eruption The eruption happened on 17 January 2002. The volcano has a lava lake in its crater. Fissures opened up to the south side of the volcano and three streams of lava from the lake drained through the fissures. The lava reached speeds of 60 km/h. There was little warning as the lava reached the city of Goma. The unrest in the country has made it difficult to monitor the volcano and put emergency responses in place. Social impacts of the eruption (effects on people) • Homes were destroyed by ash and lava. • 45 people died in the first 24 hours. • The lava flow made it difficult to travel around Goma as it filled the roads. • Aid agencies were unable to access some areas of Goma. • Cholera spread because of lack of sanitation in areas that people fled to. • 14 nearby villages were destroyed in the lava flow. Economic impacts of the eruption (effects on money and jobs) • People returned to Goma hoping to find aid. • One month after the eruption, 350,000 people were dependant on aid. • People lost their businesses and jobs. Environmental impacts of the eruption Lava covered 15 per cent of the city of Goma and destroyed 30 per cent of the city. Nyragongo lava entering lake Kivu ACTIVITY Magma chamber – large underground pool of magma Lava – magma, once it reaches the surface Crater – bowl-shaped basin in the top of the volcano Vent – central tube which magma travels through Secondary cones – eruptions from other vents may build up secondary cones on the flanks Ash, steam, lapilli and gas – material thrown out by the volcano Volcanic bombs – larger material thrown out by the force of eruption Write in column B the right words from column C Column A English words Column B Italian words Column C Choice Magma chamber Cratere Main vent Ceneri Lava Condotti secondari Crater Fumo Secondary vents Serbatoio magmatico Gas Strati del cono Rock layers Lava Lapilli Lapilli Ash Coni secondari (parassiti) Pyroclastic layers Gas Steam Rocce Secondary cones Camino vulcanico (condotto principale) ACTIVITY – COLOUR VOLCANO Magma chamber main vent secondary vents rock layers Pyroclastic layers lava lapilli gas ashes Secondary cones Fill in the blanks, then write your text on your copybook. .gas – main vent - crater – steam - magma chamber–– lava – secondary vents – ashes – lapilli – ash and lava- opening A volcano is an _____________________ in the Earth’s crust. Below the volcano there is a ____________________________________________________ deep inside the Earth. Colour it yellow. The main outlet for the magma to escape is _______________________________________. Colour it orange. Hot magma is forced up the main vent, towards the ______________________ at the top of the volcano. Colour magma chamber red and let it rise through the main vent. Eruption starts!! Colour lava flows. Magma is also forced out through smaller outlets at the side of the volcano, called_______________ ____________________________. Colour them light orange Magma reaches the top of the volcano moving through layers of different rocks. Colour rock layers grey. Volcanic cone is built step by step, made from layers of _________________and _______________. Colour pyroclastic layers different brown. When volcano explodes to the surface it allows hot magma, ___________________________, __________________________________ and ______________________________ to escape. Find them on the picture and complete with right colours. ACTIVITY 1980, MOUNT ST. HELENS (U.S.A., Rocky Mountains, Washington) THE EXPLOSION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK--hvgP2uY Describe 1980, U.S.A. Washington, Rocky Mountains, Mount St. Helens disintegrates in enormous landslide. 1 2 3 4 Mount St. Helens before and after the explosion Look at the pictures and find the differences. Before the explosion Volcanic cone shape Gas plume/ steam plume Vegetation Snow landscape After the explosion Multiple choice test 1. What are the characteristics of a composite volcano? Steep sides Covers a wide area Runny lava 2. What are the characteristics of a shield volcano? gently sloping sides cone-shape sticky lava 3. Why did cholera spread following the eruption of the Nyragongo volcano? New people moved into the area bringing the disease with them There was a lack of sanitation in areas that people fled to All of the doctors in the country were killed Question. Write the difference between composite volcanoes and shield volcanoes? Write in column B the right words from column C Column A English words Column B Italian words Column C Choice Composite volcano Fianchi digradanti dolcemente Fianchi dolcemente digradanti Shield volcano Lava colante Lava colante Steep-sided Raggiungere la velocità di Raggiungere la velocità di Cone-shaped Mancanza di Mancanza di Sticky lava Impatto sociale Impatto sociale Gently sloping sides stratovulcano stratovulcano Runny lava Flusso di lava Flusso di lava Faults Dai fianchi ripidi Dai fianchi ripidi Lava lake Diffondere, diffondersi Diffondere, diffondersi To reach speed of Faglie, spaccature Faglie, spaccature Social impacts Lava vischiosa Lava vischiosa Economic impacts bruciare bruciare Environmental impacts A forma di cono A forma di cono Lava flow Impatto economico Impatto economico Unable to access Vulcano a scudo Vulcano a scudo To burn Lago di lava Lago di lava Lack of Impossibilitati a raggiungere Impossibilitati a raggiungere To spread Impatto ambientale Impatto ambientale Hoping to find aid La gente ha perso La gente ha perso… People lost… Dipendevano dagli aiuti dipendevano dagli aiuti were dependant on aid Sperando di trovare aiuto Sperando di trovare aiuto