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Download Geography is the study of the earth`s physical and human features.
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September 07, 2010 Chapter 1 The World's Geography What is Geography? UNIT 1 A View of the World Chapter 1 Lesson 1 landform Geography is the study of the earth's physical and human features. weathering The process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces through heat, water and other means erosion The natural process of moving sediment; shapes Earth's surface deposition The process of dropping, or depositing, sediment in a new location The shape of a part of the Earth's surface plate tectonics The theory that Earth's surface is divided into several major, slowmoving plates or pieces continental drift The movement of the continental plates fault A crack in Earth's crust where a huge mass of rock, such as a plate, is in motion floodplain A landform of level ground made up of sediment deposited by a river or stream magma Melted rock within the Earth delta lava Magma that has broken through Earth's crust and is on the surface A triangle-shaped piece of land built from soil deposited at the mouth of a river September 07, 2010 Chapter 1 Lesson 1 EARTH'S LANDFORMS Volcanoes Add Land How Landforms Came to Be * Plate Techtonic Theory movement of the earth's plates *Pangaea one huge super continent which broke into smaller continents * When gases mix with magma from the earth and the gas-filled magma rises through the earth's natural faults and flow through an opening at the top of the mountain a volcano is formed *Earth's Layers Outer Layer - Crust Middle Layer - Mantle (a hot rock like material) Inner Layer - Core (hard inner core surrounded by a molten outer core) *Shield Volcano - lava that flows easily and spreads over a large area *Pushing together of the folds of the earth create mountains * Pushing two plates together and one goes up over the top of another to create another form of mountains * The folding of plates creates an even different type of mountain * This magma, flowing through the opening, is lava * Cinder-Cone Volcano - when lava erupts violently and where the rock lands close to the opening of the mountain *Active Volcano - volcano which has erupted since the time people have begun keeping records * Dormant Volcano - have become inactive and people are not sure if they will ever erupt again * Earthquake is a sudden movement of an earth plate Chapter 1 Shaping Earth's Surface * Earths surface changes through weathering, erosion and deposition People Change the Land People change the land by: * Creating farmlands * Building cities * Reshaping and creating new waterways by building dams * Draining water of water sources Lesson 2 tributary A smaller river that feeds into a larger river river system A network of rivers and their tributaries drainage basin The land drained by a river system rift A long, deep valley with mountains or plateaus on either side reservoir A human-made lake held back by a man-made dam trench A deep ocean valley September 07, 2010 Lesson 2 Earth's Bodies of Water Streams and Rivers A giant stream of ocean water which courses through the oceans like a giant river * Streams flow from the high ground to the low ground * The beginning of a stream or river is its mouth tidal wave A giant ocean wave * Rivers - the largest and most important streams * Each continent except for Antarctica has major rivers and river systems tide The regular, rhythmic rises and fall of ocean waters water cycle The circulation of water from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back again current * The Nile is the longest river * The Amazon has the largest drainage basin in the world * Many of the world's first settlements were found on rivers * Rivers provide water for drinking, transportation, fishing, cleaning, energy * The rapid and strong waters of a river can be an energy source for a community * Rivers were called "the first highways" Lakes * lake comes from the greek word meaning "hole" EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA Great Rivers Around the World The Mississippi River The Danube River The Chang Jiang * Glaciers created deep and large holes and deposited melted ice into them * Lakes form when rainwater collects in huge holes made in other ways AUSTRALIA The Amazon River * Lakes exist on every continent but Antarctica The Nile River The Murray River * North America has the most lakes in the world * 1/5 of the world's fresh water is found in the Great Lakes *Seas are lakes with salt water instead of freshwater in them * Man-made dams also create lakes September 07, 2010 Earth's Ocean * Continents and other landmasses divide the earth into four parts (In order of size) 1. Pacific Ocean 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Arctic Ocean *The land below the ocean has various features: mountain ranges, plains, basins, and long deep valleys * The deepest ocean valley (or trench) is the Mariana Trench near Guam *Ocean currents tend to carry cold water from near the North and South Poles toward the equator The Water We Drink * Oceans contain about 97% of the earth's water supply *Over 99% is unsafe to drink * 70% of fresh water found in the frozen ice caps *Water Cycle - a continuous replacement of fresh water * Groundwater is water stored within the earth * Surface water is water that flows across the land and is not absorbed but collects in rivers and streams *Oceans contain smaller bodies of water: gulfs, seas, straits, and bays Use Latitude and Longitude line of latitude East-west lines on a map or globe that are always the same distance apart; also called parallels equator An imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the North and South Pole.This line dived Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres line of longitude North-south lines on a map or globe that run from pole to pole prime meridian The meridian marked 0 longitude; it runs north and south through Greenwich, England. Latitude and Longitude Practice September 07, 2010 Answers altitude elevation or the distance above or below sea level Chapter 1 Lesson 3 climate the weather conditions in an area over a long period of time temperate neither very hot nor very cold tropic an area on earth at or near the equator sea breeze wind blowing during daylight hours from cool water to warmer land land breeze a night wind blowing from cool land to warmer land Chapter 1 Lesson 3 Earth's Climates and Vegetation The Effect of Latitude * Latitude - important in determining climate rain shadow the dry area on the side of a mountain or mountain range * The sun's rays hit the equator at the earth's hottest location vegetation plant life rain forest a wet land with thick vegetation and tall trees that block the sun * Vertical rays hit the northern hemisphere in the summer for the western hemisphere * Vertical rays from the sun hit the southern hemispheres during the western hemispheres winter arid very dry with little rainfall *The earth is tilted on its axis at 23.5 degrees * Tropic of Cancer - North latitude - 23.5 degrees N latitude * Tropic of Capricorn - South Latitude - 23.5 degrees S latitude * Equator - 0 degrees latitude September 07, 2010 The Effect of Land and Water * The heating and cooling of land and water effects climate * Land heats more quickly than water *Water stays warmer longer than land * Land in the middle of a continent or land mass are cooler than coastal lands The Effect of Altitude * Sea level - the altitude a region is above sea level affects its climate * Altitude affects temperature and precipitation amounts of a region * Ocean Currents effect land temperature * Sea breezes and land breezes cause land temperatures to vary Chapter 1 Climate and Vegetation (pg. 38-39) * Six major climate regions ~ tropical along or near equator, thick vegetation, warm all year ~ desert little precipitation, dry, can be hot or cold ~ temperate warm almost always coastal areas, marine or mediterranean ~ temperate cold mostly inland, big changes in weather from summer to winter, about the same amount of precipitation all year round ~ polar no summers, usually little to no vegetation, cold ~ highland hilly or mountainous region, temperature and precipitation and vegetation depend on altitude Lesson 4 natural resources something found in nature that people can use biological resources a natural resource such as an animal or plant that is or was living fertile soil soil that is good for growing crops mineral a nonliving substance found in earth's crust fossil fuel a nonrenewable resources formed from the remains of ancient plants or animals September 07, 2010 renewable resources a resource, such as soil or trees, that can be replaces by nature or by people Lesson 4 Natural Resources nonrenewable resources resources, such as coal and oil, that cannot be replaced by earth's natural processes or that are replaced slowly *Used chiefly for food * People depend on biological resources and biological resources depend on natural resources * Fertile soil is important to human life * tree, plants, animals are all forms of biological resources conservation the protecting and wise use of natural resources * Minerals are used to make things * Fossil fuels are used for cooking, heat and energy scarce limited Biological Resources recycling the process of using materials again instead of throwing them away Using Old Resources in New Ways * The sun, the wind and water can be used in many ways for renewable energy *Solar panels, windmills, and dams create clean energy Why Natural Resources Matter Mineral and Fuel Resources Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources * All natural resources are either renewable or nonrenewable * Often renewable resources are not replaced as quickly as they are used * Reduce, Reuse, Recycle *Conserve Choose one of these topics to write a 100 word essay about..... 1. The development of Volcanoes 2. One of the Climate Regions 3. Describe the various theories scientists have regarding the development of earth's landforms (Pangaea, Plate Tectonics, etc. *Having plenty of natural resources makes a group of people more independent of others * How people manage their natural resources affects everyone around the world You may write notes and use them on the essay tomorrow. September 07, 2010 Vocabulary Word Web How does it all relate? fossil fuel mineral biological resource nonrenewable resources fertile soil renewable resources NATURAL RESOURCES conservation (become) scarce recycling
