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AP Human Geography Unit 6
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1.
Agglomeration
The spatial grouping of people or activities
for mutual benefit.
2.
Agglomeration
(External)
Economies
The savings to an individual enterprise
derived from locational association with a
cluster of other similar economic activities,
such as other factories or retail stores.
3.
Agricultural
Labor Force
A measure of the participating portion of an
economy's labor force.
4.
Aluminum
Industry
An industry that specializes in the
manufacturing and extraction of Aluminum,
a chemical element in the boron group with
symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a
silvery white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile
metal.
5.
Assembly Line
Production
Arrangement of workers, machines, and
equipment in which the product being
assembled passes consecutively from
operation to operation until completed.
6.
Bid Rent
Theory
Geographical economic theory that refers to
how the price and demand on real estate
changes as the distance towards the Central
Business District (CBD) increases.
7.
Break of bulk
point
A location where goods are transferred from
one type of carrier to another. (e.g. Barge to
Railroad)
Bulk Gaining
Industry
An industry in which the final product
weighs more or comprises a greater volume
than the inputs.
8.
9.
Bulk Reducing
Industry
An industry in which the final product
weighs less or comprises a lower volume
than the inputs.
10.
Calorie
Consumption
The total number of calories in a daily diet
allocation.
11.
Carrier
Efficiency
The ratio of output to input for a given
carrier.
12.
Circular and
Cumulative
Causation
A process through which tendencies for
economic growth are self-reinforcing; an
expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to
favor major cities and core regions over less
advantaged peripheral regions.
13.
Comparative
Advantage
The principle that an area produces the
items for which it has the greatest ratio of
advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage
in comparison to other areas, assuming free
trade exists.
14.
CorePeriphery
Model
A model of the spatial structure of an
economic system in which underdeveloped
or declining peripheral areas are defined
with respect to their dependence on a
dominating developed core region.
15.
Cottage Industry
Industry in which the production of
goods and services is based in homes
(not factories); specialty goods
(assembled individually or in small
quantities) are often produced in this
manner.
16.
Cultural
Convergence
The tendency for cultures to become
more alike as they increasingly share
technology and organizational
structures in a modern world united by
improved transportation and
communication.
17.
Deglomeration
The process of deconcentration; the
location of industrial or other activities
away from established agglomerations
in response to growing costs of
congestion, competition, and
regulation.
18.
Deindustrialization
Process by which companies move
industrial jobs to other regions with
cheaper labor, leaving the newly
deindustrialized region to switch to a
service economy and to work through a
period of high unemployment.
19.
Dependency
Theory
The theory that LDCs tend to have a
higher dependency ratio, the ratio of
the number of people under 15 or over
64 to the number in the labor force.
20.
Development
The process of growth, expansion, or
realization of potential; bringing
regional resources into full productive
use.
21.
Ecotourism
A form of tourism, based on the
enjoyment of scenic areas or natural
wonders, that aims to provide an
experience of nature or culture in an
environmentally sustainable way.
22.
Energy
Consumption
Energy used by a country as an
indicator of development - MDCs tend
to consume much more energy per
capita then LDCs do.
23.
Fixed Costs
An activity cost (as of investment in
land, plant, and equipment) that must
be met without regard to level of
output; an input cost that is spatially
constant.
24.
Footloose Firm
A firm with manufacturing activities for
which the cost of transporting activities
or product is not important in
determining location of production; an
industry or firm showing neither
market nor material orientation.
25.
Fordism
The manufacturing economy and system
derived from assembly-line mass production
and the mass consumption of standardized
goods.
26.
Foreign
Direct
Investment
The purchase or construction of foreign
factories and other fixed assets by
transnational corporations; also the purchase
of or merging with foreign companies.
27.
Freight Rates
The charge levied by a transporter for the
loading, moving, and unloading of goods;
includes line-haul costs and terminal costs.
28.
Friction of
Distance
A measure of the retarding or restricting
effect of distance on spatial interaction.
29.
Gender
In the cultural sense, a reference to socially
created, not biologically based, distinctions
between femininity and masculinity.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Globalization
A reference to the increasing interconnection
of all parts o the world as the full range of
social, cultural, political, and economic
processes becomes international in scale and
effect.
Gross
Domestic
Product
The total value of goods and services
produced within the borders of a country
during a specified time period, usually a
calendar year.
Gross
National
Product
(Gross
National
Income)
the total value of goods and services
produced by a country per year plus net
income earned abroad by its nations;
formerly called "gross national product."
Human
Development
Index (HDI)
Is a composite statistic of life expectancy,
education, and income indices used to rank
countries into four tiers of human
development.
Industrial
Revolution
The term applied to the rapid economic and
social changes in agriculture and
manufacturing that followed the introduction
of the factory system to the textile industry of
England in the last quarter of the 18th
century.
Informal
Economy
That part of a national economy that involves
productive labor not subject to formal
systems of control or payment; essentially
money that is not regulated or taxed by the
government.
Infrastructure
The basic structure of services, installations,
and facilities needed to support industrial,
agricultural, and other economic
development; included are transport and
communications, along with water, power,
and other public utilities.
37.
International
Division of Labor
Phenomenon regarding the idea
corporations and others can draw from
labor markets around the world ; made
possible through improvements in
communication and transportation
systems
38.
In-transit
Privilege
The application of a single-haul freight
rate from origin to destination even
though the shipment is halted for
processing en route, after which the
journey is completed.
39.
Just in Time
Production
Seeks to reduce inventories for the
production process by purchasing inputs
for arrival just in time to use and
producing output just in time to sell.
40.
Least cost Theory
The view that the optimum location of a
manufacturing establishment is at the
place where the costs of transport and
labor and advantages of agglomeration or
deglomeration are most favorable.
41.
Levels of
Development
Levels of the quality of life in a given
country. MDC, LDC, NIC. (More
developed country, less developed
country, newly industrialized country.)
42.
Line haul cost
(Over the road
cost)
The costs involved in the actual physical
movement of goods (or passengers; costs
of haulage (including equipment and
routeway costs), excluding terminal costs.
43.
Locational
Interdependence
The circumstance under which the
locational decision of a particular firm is
influenced by the locations chose by
competitors.
44.
Maquiladora
Factories built by US companies in Mexico
near the US border to take advantage of
much lower labor costs in Mexico.
45.
Market
Equilibrium
The point of intersection of demand and
supply curves of a given commodity; at
equilibrium the market is cleared of the
commodity.
46.
Market
Orientation
The tendency of an economic activity to
locate close to its market; a reflection of
large and variable distribution.
47.
Measures of
Development
Life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP
per capita, and knowledge (School,
literacy) etc. Rates that dictate the
developmental status of a country.
48.
Multiplier Effect
The direct, indirect, and induced
consequences of change in any setting.
(e.g. New plant opens, sets into motion
industrial employment, and
infrastructural growth.)
49.
Neocolonialism
A disparaging reference to economic and
political policies by which major developed
countries are seen to retain or extend
influence over the economies of less
developed countries and peoples.
50.
Offshoring
The relocation of business processes and
services to a lower-cost foreign location.
51.
Outsourcing
Producing abroad parts or products for
domestic use or sale.
52.
Physical
Quality of Life
The quality of life or well-being of a country.
The value is the average of three statistics:
basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life
expectancy at age one, all equally weighted
on a 0 to 100 scale.
62.
Substitution
Principle
In industry, the tendency to substitute
one fact or production for another in
order to achieve optimum plant
location.
63.
Technology Gap
The contrast between the technology
available in developed core regions
and that present in peripheral areas of
underdevelopment.
64.
Technology
Transfer
The diffusion to or acquisition by one
culture or region of the technology
possessed by another, usually more
developed, society.
65.
Terminal Costs
Synonym of fixed costs of
transportation. The costs incurred, and
charged, for loading and unloading
freight at origin and destination points
and for the paperwork involved.
53.
Purchasing
Power Parity
(PPP)
A monetary measurement which takes
account of what money actually buys in
each country.
54.
Quaternary
Activities
Those parts of the economy concerned
with research, with the gathering and
dissemination of information, and with
administration of the other economic
activity levels.
66.
Tertiary Activities
Those parts of the economy that fulfill
the exchange function, that provide
market availability of commodities, and
that bring together consumers and
providers of services.
55.
Quinary
Activities
A sometimes separately recognized
subsection of tertiary activity management
functions involving highest level decision
making in all types of large organizations.
67.
Third World
A term applied to countries considered
not yet fully developed or in a state of
underdevelopment in economic and
social terms.
56.
Satisficing
Location
A less-than-ideal best location, but one
providing an acceptable level of utility or
satisfaction.
68.
Transnational
Corporation (TNC)
57.
Secondary
Activities
Those parts of the economy involved in the
processing of raw materials derived from
primary activities in altering or combing
materials to produce commodities of
enhanced utility and value.
A large business organization
operating in at least two separate
national economies; a form of
multinational corporation.
69.
Trickle Down Effect
Spatially Fixed
Costs
An input cost in manufacturing that
remains constant wherever production is
located.
Synonym of Spread Effect. The
diffusion outward of the benefits of
economic growth and prosperity from
the power center or core area to
poorer districts and people.
70.
Ubiquitous
Industry
Spatially
Variable Costs
An input cost in manufacturing that
changes significantly from place to place in
its amount and its relative share of total
costs.
A market-oriented industry whose
establishments are distributed in direct
proportion to the distribution of
population.
71.
Underdevelopment
60.
Spatial Margin
of Profitability
The set of points delimiting the area within
which a firm's profitable operation is
possible.
A level of economic and social
achievement below what could be
reached given the natural and human
resources of an area where necessary
capital and technology are available.
Spread Effect
Synonym of Trickle Down Effect. The
diffusion outward of the benefits of
economic growth and prosperity from the
power center or core area to poorer
districts and people.
72.
61.
Uniform (Isotropic)
Plain
A hypothetical portion of the earth's
surface assumed to be an unbounded,
uniformly flat plain with uniform and
unvarying distribution of population,
purchasing power, transport costs,
accessibility, and the like.
58.
59.
73.
Weberian
Analysis
Synonym of Least Cost Theory. The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place
where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable.
74.
World
Systems
Theory
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in
the developing world in inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.
75.
W.W
Rostow
American economist who proposed his five stage model of development. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Stage 3. Take
off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption.