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AP Human Geography Unit 6 Study online at quizlet.com/_17vi3u 1. Agglomeration The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit. 2. Agglomeration (External) Economies The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores. 3. Agricultural Labor Force A measure of the participating portion of an economy's labor force. 4. Aluminum Industry An industry that specializes in the manufacturing and extraction of Aluminum, a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. 5. Assembly Line Production Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed. 6. Bid Rent Theory Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. 7. Break of bulk point A location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another. (e.g. Barge to Railroad) Bulk Gaining Industry An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs. 8. 9. Bulk Reducing Industry An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. 10. Calorie Consumption The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation. 11. Carrier Efficiency The ratio of output to input for a given carrier. 12. Circular and Cumulative Causation A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less advantaged peripheral regions. 13. Comparative Advantage The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists. 14. CorePeriphery Model A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating developed core region. 15. Cottage Industry Industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes (not factories); specialty goods (assembled individually or in small quantities) are often produced in this manner. 16. Cultural Convergence The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication. 17. Deglomeration The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation. 18. Deindustrialization Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment. 19. Dependency Theory The theory that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force. 20. Development The process of growth, expansion, or realization of potential; bringing regional resources into full productive use. 21. Ecotourism A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way. 22. Energy Consumption Energy used by a country as an indicator of development - MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita then LDCs do. 23. Fixed Costs An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant. 24. Footloose Firm A firm with manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting activities or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation. 25. Fordism The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. 26. Foreign Direct Investment The purchase or construction of foreign factories and other fixed assets by transnational corporations; also the purchase of or merging with foreign companies. 27. Freight Rates The charge levied by a transporter for the loading, moving, and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs. 28. Friction of Distance A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction. 29. Gender In the cultural sense, a reference to socially created, not biologically based, distinctions between femininity and masculinity. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Globalization A reference to the increasing interconnection of all parts o the world as the full range of social, cultural, political, and economic processes becomes international in scale and effect. Gross Domestic Product The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specified time period, usually a calendar year. Gross National Product (Gross National Income) the total value of goods and services produced by a country per year plus net income earned abroad by its nations; formerly called "gross national product." Human Development Index (HDI) Is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Industrial Revolution The term applied to the rapid economic and social changes in agriculture and manufacturing that followed the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry of England in the last quarter of the 18th century. Informal Economy That part of a national economy that involves productive labor not subject to formal systems of control or payment; essentially money that is not regulated or taxed by the government. Infrastructure The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities. 37. International Division of Labor Phenomenon regarding the idea corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world ; made possible through improvements in communication and transportation systems 38. In-transit Privilege The application of a single-haul freight rate from origin to destination even though the shipment is halted for processing en route, after which the journey is completed. 39. Just in Time Production Seeks to reduce inventories for the production process by purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing output just in time to sell. 40. Least cost Theory The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable. 41. Levels of Development Levels of the quality of life in a given country. MDC, LDC, NIC. (More developed country, less developed country, newly industrialized country.) 42. Line haul cost (Over the road cost) The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers; costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs. 43. Locational Interdependence The circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chose by competitors. 44. Maquiladora Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico. 45. Market Equilibrium The point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity. 46. Market Orientation The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution. 47. Measures of Development Life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (School, literacy) etc. Rates that dictate the developmental status of a country. 48. Multiplier Effect The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in any setting. (e.g. New plant opens, sets into motion industrial employment, and infrastructural growth.) 49. Neocolonialism A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples. 50. Offshoring The relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location. 51. Outsourcing Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale. 52. Physical Quality of Life The quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale. 62. Substitution Principle In industry, the tendency to substitute one fact or production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location. 63. Technology Gap The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment. 64. Technology Transfer The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society. 65. Terminal Costs Synonym of fixed costs of transportation. The costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for the paperwork involved. 53. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country. 54. Quaternary Activities Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration of the other economic activity levels. 66. Tertiary Activities Those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services. 55. Quinary Activities A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest level decision making in all types of large organizations. 67. Third World A term applied to countries considered not yet fully developed or in a state of underdevelopment in economic and social terms. 56. Satisficing Location A less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction. 68. Transnational Corporation (TNC) 57. Secondary Activities Those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities in altering or combing materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value. A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies; a form of multinational corporation. 69. Trickle Down Effect Spatially Fixed Costs An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located. Synonym of Spread Effect. The diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people. 70. Ubiquitous Industry Spatially Variable Costs An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs. A market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of population. 71. Underdevelopment 60. Spatial Margin of Profitability The set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible. A level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached given the natural and human resources of an area where necessary capital and technology are available. Spread Effect Synonym of Trickle Down Effect. The diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people. 72. 61. Uniform (Isotropic) Plain A hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like. 58. 59. 73. Weberian Analysis Synonym of Least Cost Theory. The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable. 74. World Systems Theory Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world in inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. 75. W.W Rostow American economist who proposed his five stage model of development. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Stage 3. Take off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption.