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NPHS Anatomy & Physiology
CLASS SET Unit 4: The Muscular System – STUDY GUIDE
Questions to answer:
1) List the three functions of the muscular system.
2) What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue? Briefly explain them.
3) Distinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Include where in the body each type of muscle
is found.
4) Differentiate between prime mover, synergist, antagonist and fixator.
5) What is the antagonistic muscle group to the hamstrings?
6)
a) Distinguish between: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium by coloring the following diagram.
Epimysium: red
Perimysium: blue
Endomysium: yellow
Muscle fiber: green
*Circle 1 fasicle*
b) What is a fascia?
7)
a) What is the role of the neuromuscular junction?
b) What two structures approach each other at the neuromuscular junction?
8)
a) What composes a motor unit?
b) Why would you engage a different number of motor units?
9) What is the function (brief) of each of the following muscles?
 Procerus
 Sternocleidomastoid

Temporalis

Pectoralis major

Orbicularis oculi

Deltoid

Orbicularis oris

Biceps brachii

External abdominal oblique

Extensor carpii

Rectus abdominus

Flexor digitorum

Serratus anterior

Gracilis

Triceps brachii

Sartorius

External intercostals

Trapezius

Internal intercostals

Tibialis anterior

Retinaculum

Gastrocnemius

Masseter
10) Differentiate between the following muscle proteins & other molecules (include function or role of each in
a muscle contraction)
Actin:
Acetylcholine:
Cross bridges:
Myosin:
Acetylcholinesterase:
ATP:
Troponin:
Sarcoplasmic reticulum:
Tropomyosin:
Calcium ions:
11)
a) Draw & label the parts of a sarcomere.
b) Why do skeletal muscles appear striated?
12)
Where are calcium ions stored within muscle cells? How is the release of calcium ions triggered?
13) Using a flow chart (xxx  xxx  xxx  etc.), chart the steps of a muscle contraction. Be as detailed as
possible and be sure to include the following terms/phrases: Ca+2, electrical impulse, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, myosin head high energy position, myosin head low energy position, troponin, actin, tropomyosin,
ATP, cross-bridge, thin filament, and center of sarcomere.
14) What two events occur to end a muscle contraction?
15) How does a muscle get bigger as a result of working out? (What is increasing?)
16) Differentiate between an isometric and an isotonic contraction and give and example of each.
17)
a) Distinguish between a twitch and tetanus.
b) How does a muscle reach tetanus?
18) What is tonus? Give an example.
19) Circle the parts of the following reaction that require oxygen. What is this reaction called?
Glucose 
Pyruvate 
ATP + CO2 + H2O
20) What is the immediate source of energy for a muscle contraction?
21) What cellular organelle produces the molecule from question #20?
22) What is lactic acid? When does it accumulate in muscles and what is the result?
23)
a) Distinguish between hemoglobin and myoglobin.
b) Distinguish between slow fibers and fast fibers.
24) List 1 positive effect and 3 negative effects of anabolic steroids.
25) How/why do the following conditions affect the muscular system?

Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)

Muscular Dystrophy

Botulism

Atrophy

Myasthenia gravis

Spasm
26) Label the following neuromuscular junction using the following terms. Use your neuromuscular junction
handout.
Sarcomere
Myofibril
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin, troponin, tropomyosin)
Z line
Motor neuron
Vesicle
ACh
ACh receptor
Synaptic cleft
Motor end plate
Sarcolemma
Mitochondria
Muscle fiber (cell)
27) Label the following muscles of the body.
1
5
4
3
20
6
2
9
8
21
22
7
18
17
19
23
16
15
10
10
14
24
13
25
12
11
26
1.
6.
11.
16.
21.
2.
7.
12.
17.
22.
3.
8.
13.
18.
23.
4.
9.
14.
19.
24.
5.
10.
15.
20.
25.
26.
**BE SURE TO REVIEW ALL DIAGRAMS…and BE READY TO LABEL DIAGRAMS ON THE TEST!!
You also need to know MUSCLE FUNCTIONS.