Download AP Psychology Benchmark 3 Review Guide Biological Basis of

AP Psychology Benchmark 3 Review Guide Biological Basis of Behavior 1. When I destroy your brain tissue: lesion 2.
The reticular formation is in charge of _arousal__ & it’s located __brainstem__. 3.
The medulla is in charge of __heartrate_ & it’s located __brainstem__. 4.
The limbic system is in charge of __mood, memory formation, smell__ & it’s located __midbrain__. 5.
The cerebellum is in charge of __balance & coordination_ & it’s located __base of skull___. 6.
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The cerebral cortex is in charge of __thinking and senses_ & it’s located __outer and top of skull__. The four lobes of the cerebral cortex: temporal=hearing; parietal=pain&touch; frontal=decisions&talking; occipital=vision 8.
The thalamus is in charge of: routing senses to the correct part of the brain 9.
The difference between Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area: BA=speech production; WA=comprehension 10. At what age is your brain most plastic? Before puberty 11. The electrical signal flows from the _dendrites_ to the _cell body_ to the _axon_ in a neuron: 12. The space between neurons is the __synapse__ & __neurotransmitter_ is released there. 13. This helps the neural signal travel faster: myelin sheath 14. Differences between action potential & resting potential: AP=when firing; RP=ready to fire 15. The hormone that is mostly secreted during Stage 4 sleep is produced by the: human growth hormone from pituitary gland 16. Some parts of the endocrine system: ovaries, testes, pituitary gland, adrenal gland 17. This part of the autonomic nervous system pumps you up _sympathetic_ & this part calms you _parasympathetic _ 18. Evolutionary Theory & the brain: order of development = brainstem -­‐> limbic system -­‐> cerebral cortex Research Methods 1. In order to replicate a study, you need: operational definitions 2. The value of replication is: if you replicate it and get the same results, the results must be valid 3. A researcher can be sure that the correlational data applies to the population if: large, random sample 4. Three types of research: descriptive, correlational, experimental (know what these mean!) 5. Patients often report improvements on their medical conditions when they ingestion of an inert substance because: placebo effect 6. The difference between mean, median, mode, and standard deviation: mean=average; median=middle #; mode=most common #; SD=distance from the mean 7. The difference between the control and experimental condition: control=no treatment (or placebo); experimental=treatment 8. Four APA rules for human participants: informed consent; voluntary participation; no significant harm; debrief 9. A correlation coefficient that would represent a weak relationship is _close to 0_; a strong relationship is _close to -­‐1 or 1_. 10. The relationship between hindsight bias and hypothesis: need to write a hypothesis so you don’t think you knew the results all along 11. The relationship between the false consensus effect & wording effects: if I think everyone thinks like I do, I may write misleading questions 12. The difference between the independent and dependent variables: I=manipulate it; D=measure it Sensation & Perception 1.
If I expect it to hurt, it probably will. Why? Top-­‐Down Processing 2.
If you have a lower absolute threshold, and I have a higher absolute threshold for whispering, who will hear the whisper first? The student, because lower means you can detect the stimuli at a lower level. 3.
I can tell the difference between 98 and 100 lb. Identify another weight increment where I could just barely notice the difference: __186 and 400__ What’s this called? Just noticeable difference or difference threshold 4.
Another example (difference sense) of #3: taste, sight, sound, hearing 5.
What does the lens do? Changes shape to focus image on the retina 6.
How does the lens change as we age? Gets more rigid so it can’t adjust as well close up. 7.
My Christmas tree looks just as green in sunlight as it does at night with the colored Christmas lights on. What’s this called? Color Constancy 8.
Are size constancy and color constancy (two examples of perceptual constancy) top-­‐down or bottom-­‐up phenomenon? Top-­‐
down: it’s your knowledge about the world that keeps you from thinking things shrink/grow and understand that they’re farther/closer 9.
A time when you experienced inattentional blindness: Paying close attention to a thing makes you “blind” to other things 10. A time when you experienced the cocktail party effect: can pay attention to one conversation in a crowd of talkers 11. A time when you experienced selective attention: choosing to pay attention to one stimuli 12. A time when you experienced figure-­‐ground perception: looking at a person in front of a crowd 13. If I put a baby on a cliff, will it crawl off the edge? Probably not, because kids develop depth perception around crawling age. What was the study about this? Gibson’s visual cliff 14. It looks like the road gets narrower as it goes straight away from me: Linear Perspective 15. Why does the floating finger sausage work? Retinal disparity gives our eyes two difference views 16. How is retinal disparity related to depth perception? If something is closer, my retinas see very different images/sides of it; if something’s far away, I see pretty much the same thing from both eyes 17. How does interposition help me with depth perception? If something is blocking something else, the thing that’s getting blocked must be farther away 18. Which sense overrides the others? Visual Capture What’s this called? Visual Capture 19. Why can’t you feel your underwear or socks most of the time? Sensory adaptation Cognition 1. The difference between effortful and automatic processing: E=trying to memorize A=automatically memorizing 2. Examples of ways to effortfully process: rehearsal, chunking, mnemonics 3. The difference between visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding: semantic is memorizing the meaning 4. Which is best from #3? Why? Semantic, because you can link it to so many other memories for easy recall 5. Length of time & storage capacity for short term memory: 7 items for 30 seconds 6. What’s the hippocampus for? Memory! 7. How does depression affect your recall of memories? Remember sad stuff when you’re sad – Mood Congruent memory 8. The difference between an algorithm and a heuristic: algorithm=logical, step-­‐by-­‐step; heuristic=shortcut 9. An example of mental set: only seeing one way to approach a problem: the way that worked last time 10. An example of functional fixedness: only seeing one use for an object 11. An example of belief perseverance: maintaining your belief even though there’s much evidence to the contrary 12. An example of confirmation bias: looking for information to confirm what you believe 13. The difference between representative heuristic and availability heuristic: RH=using a prototype to solve a problem; AH=using your most recent memory to solve a problem 14. The officer asked me how many men were in the car, so I started remembering they were men in the car, even though I’d never noticed the gender originally: Misinformation Effect 15. The best ways to study: spaced, testing effect, avoid hindsight bias 16. The difference between proactive & retroactive interference: proactive=older information blocks access to newer information; retro=newer information blocks access to older information 17. I can’t remember the presentation of the person who went before me! Why? Next-­‐in-­‐line effect 18. I can’t remember what happened in the middle of class, even though I was awake! Why? Serial Position Effect Learning 1. The difference between classical and operant conditioning: c=association between two stimuli; o=association between your behavior choice and a reward 2. The best US & CS timing for quick classical conditioning: CS before US 3. The best reinforcement schedule to avoid extinction: variable interval or variable ratio for quick conditioning: continuous 4. US, UR, CS, CR are all part of what type of conditioning? Classical 5. Does the law of effect apply to classical or operant conditioning? Operant, because it refers to rewards 6. The difference between shaping and chaining: s=rewards for steps along the way to one behavior; c=linking multiple separate behaviors together 7. I might continue a bad habit that hurts me in the long run because: immediate reinforcement 8. How can rewards ruin intrinsic motivation? The person starts to fixate on the reward and forgets the value of the activity 9. An example of observational learning/modeling: watching someone do something and imitating them 10. Why does nausea lead to taste aversion, but shocks do not lead to taste aversion? Biological predisposition 11. The difference between generalization and discrimination: g=can’t tell the difference between stimuli; d=can tell the difference between stimuli 12. Spontaneous recovery can only happen after: extinction 13. Why are cognitive maps such a great example of latent learning? We often develop cog maps but don’t realize they are there until we are going to get a reward for showing them. Consciousness 1. How does circadian rhythm affect our lives? Sleep and wake times 2. Stages of sleep through the first REM cycle: 1 -­‐> 2 -­‐> 3 -­‐> 4 -­‐> 3 -­‐> 2 -­‐> REM -­‐> 2 -­‐> 3 -­‐> 4 -­‐> 3 -­‐> 2 -­‐> REM 3. What’s happening during REM? Dreams, rapid eye movement, accelerated heart rate, lots brain activity 4. The difference between Information-­‐Processing Theory and Activation-­‐Synthesis Theory: IP=dreams are a way to deal with stress & store memories; AS=dreams are your cerebral cortex’s interpretation of random neural firing during sleep 5. What does Freud say about dreams? Dreams are your way of dealing with your unconscious scary thoughts Social Psychology 1. How does cognitive dissonance lead to foot-­‐in-­‐the-­‐door phenomenon? CD=changing your attitude to match your actions; Fitd=smaller behavior leads to a bigger behavior; SOOOO if we perform a little behavior, we change our belief about it and then we are willing to do a bigger behavior 2. Who is Solomon Asch? Line Test = conformity 3. What did Asch’s study show? (%?) 70% 4. How does talking in a group of like-­‐minded people affect our opinion? Group Polarization 5. How does working in a group change our effort level? Social Loafing 6. How does performing in front of a group change our performance level? Social Facilitation or Social Impairment 7. How does hanging out with a group change my willingness to engage in risky behavior? Deindividuation 8. What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination? S=belief about a group of people; P=bad feelings toward a group; D=acting on your bad feelings toward a group 9. An example of hindsight bias: I think I knew that all along (but I really didn’t) 10. Am I more likely to enjoy a totally novel stimuli or a totally familiar stimuli? Mere exposure effect (familiar) 11. How does the two-­‐factor theory explain love and arousal? We make a decision about what the arousal means and may decide the increased heart rate means love 12. What conditions make us most likely to help someone? More likely to help if no one else around OR if other people are helping 13. What will I assume if you’re late and I don’t know you? How is this different than if I knew you well and you were late? That you’re a crappy person (fundamental attribution error) 14. I think you get what you deserve! Just world phenomenon 15. Explain one of your friendships with social exchange theory: We maintain relationships with people if the rewards outweigh the consequences 16. The difference between ingroup bias and outgroup homogeneity bias: IB=I think the people in my group are awesome and all very different; OHB=I think people in the other group are all the same