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The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 Italian Renaissance • Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince—realistic discussion of how to seize and maintain power • Experimented with new ways to rule, not necessarily through divine right, but wanted to improve the general welfare • Built more professional armies • 1st time diplomacy used in the West through ambassadors Renaissance moves North • 1500 French & Spanish monarch invade Italy reducing political independence • Atlantic trade routes reduce importance of the Mediterranean portshurting Italy’s economy • $$increased ceremony with kings • Literature—Shakespeare & Cervantes Renaissance moves North • Ordinary people weren’t effected much by the Renaissance • Peasants and artisans continued on as before The Commercial Economy and a New Family Pattern • Improved quality of pulleys and pumps in mines • Forge stronger iron products • Printing—German Johannes Gutenberg invented moveable type causing literacy to gain ground • Family pattern changed to a later marriage age and focus on nuclear family – Needed property to marry – Provided for birth control that kept the population down PROTESTANT REFORMATION "When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Indulgence "In the authority of all the saints, and in compassion towards thee, I absolve thee from all sins and misdeeds, and remit all punishment for ten days." The Protestant and Catholic Reformations • 1517—Martin Luther, German monk, nailed the 95 theses to the Wittenberg church door • Protested – Selling indulgences, grants of salvation – Only faith could gain salvation, church sacraments were not the path – Challenged the authority of the pope – Monasticism was wrong, priests should marry – Bible needed to be translated so ordinary people could have direct access to its teachings The Protestant and Catholic Reformations • Luther received wide support – German nationalist reaction because resented the authority and taxes of the pope – German princes saw it as an opportunity because the Holy Roman Emperor was Catholic – Princes ability to gain independence and seize church land – Luther suggested state control of the church as an alternative to papal authoritysounded good to the princes – Peasants saw the attack on authority as sanctioning their own rebellions against their landlords – If faith was the main way to salvation, they moneymaking was ok The Protestant and Catholic Reformation • Henry VIII in England – Set up the Anglican church – Challenge the ability to divorce in attempt to produce a male heir – He ended up with 6 wives in all and executed 2 of themshowing the poor treatment of women in politics The Protestant and Catholic Reformation • Jean Calvin, French but base support in Geneva – Believe in God’s predestination of those who would be saved – Ministers became moral guardians and preachers of God’s word – Sought the participation of all believers in local church administrationpromoted wider access go government – Promoted education to read the Bible – Created a strong minority group and Puritans will bring it to North America in the 1600s The Protestant and Catholic Reformation • Catholic response – Able to keep Catholicism solidly in the south and parts of Eastern Europe – A church council met and refuted protestant tenets – A new religious order, the Jesuits, became active in politics, education, and missionary work especially in Asia and the Americas The End of Christian Unity in the West • Series of religious wars – In France—Calvinist vs Catholics • Edict of Nantes 1598—granting tolerance – In Germany—the Thirty Years’ War 1618 • German Protestants & Swedish Lutherans vs the holy Roman emperor backed by Spain • Devastating to Germany; 60% population died • Treaty of Westphalia 1648 • Granted tolerance and gave Protestant Netherlands independence from Spain The End of Christian Unity in the West • In England—English Civil War 1640-1660 – Religious issues – Claims of parliament to rights of control over royal actions – 1688-1689 limited toleration was granted to most Protestants, but not Catholics Oliver Cromwell King Charles II The End of Christian Unity in the West • Religious wars led to limited acceptance of religious pluralism, but Christian unity could not be restored – led some people to be suspect of religion— could there be a dominant single truth – Affected the balance of power The End of Christian Unity in the West • Changes in view of religion – Protestants resisted the idea of miracles – Promoted greater concentration on family life – Encouraged love between husband and wife – Protestants abolished conventsfewer options for women other than marriage – Promoted growing literacy The Commercial Revolution • Massive amounts of gold and silver from Spain’s colonies • $$ in Europe & Americas led to increase demandinflation (like Mansa Musa) • $$ being worth less led to merchants taking out loanstrading companies like the Dutch East Indies Company The Commercial Revolution • Colonial markets stimulated manufacturing and specialization • Standard of living improved for almost everyone (by 1600 the average person owned 5Xs more stuff) • Proletariat, poor in the West, were plagued by higher food prices and had to sell their landsome became paid agricultural and manufacturing labor and others wandered begging • West developed a negative attitude about poverty that hasn’t changed The Commercial Revolution • 1600s led to popular protest and worried peasants • Also anxiety about witches (60,000 to 100,000 were killed) – Poverty – Women – Tensions in family life Science: The New Authority • Copernicus—disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was the center of the universe; that the sun was • Johannes Kepler—planetary motion; optics; • Vesalius—anatomy • New technologies—microscope & telescope Science: The New Authority • Galileo—proved Copernicus and worked with gases • John Harvey—circular movement of blood • Francis Bacon—scientific method • Rene Descartes—provided a skeptical view • Isaac Newton—framework of natural laws; principles of motion; gravity; Science: The New Authority • Ideas were printed!!! and distributed!!! • Challenged witchcraft accusations • New belief that people could control their environment • Deism—may be a divinity, but role is to set natural laws in motion • John Locke—we learn everything we need to know through our senses and reason (like Daoism); faith was irrelevantview that human nature was essentially good not full of sin Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies • France was the model for the new monarch – Stopped convening the medieval parliament – Blew up castles of dissident nobles (gunpowder) – Appointed a bureaucracy of merchants and lawyers absolute monarchy “I am the state.” Louis XIV Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies • Louis XIV of France – Decreased internal tariff to decrease barriers to trade – Mercantilism—government should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations – Sought guaranteed markets in their colonies Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies Britain & the Netherlands stood apart from the trend of absolute monarchy • Parliament won sovereignty over the king • John Locke—power comes from the people, not from divine rule The Nation State • Shared culture and language • Loyalty • Rising idea that the sate should act in the peoples self-interest The West by 1750 Political Patterns • • • • Changes were less significant English had a bloated parliament Popular concern for great representation Prussia had greater changes – Creating a military and bureaucratic organization – Greater religious freedom – Promoted better agriculture methods and the use of the potato • Seven Years’ War—battle of colonial empire The West by 1750 Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture • Scientific revolution Enlightment • Applying scientific method to the study of human society • Rational laws • Against cruel punishment; decent society could rehabilitate criminals • Constitutions to curb privilege • Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)— economic behavior The West by 1750 Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture • Denis Diderot—Encyclopedie compiled scientific and social scientific knowledge • Human beings are good and improvable • Blind faith and refusal to tolerate diversity is wrong • Mary Wollstonecraft—feminism • Reading clubs and coffee houses The West by 1750 Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing • Began purchasing processed foods— refined sugar and coffee • Paid professionals for entertainment— circuses • 3-field system constrained agriculture • Fertilizers, stockbreeding, seed drills and scythes and the spread of the potato • Capitalism—investment in hopes of bigger profitdomestic system
