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PAP World History Notes – Chapter 12 12.1 Two Great Dynasties of China By 589, Emperor Sui Wendi united northern and southern China Restored central government Golden age under next 2 dynasties: Tang and Song Became most advanced, richest, powerful country in the world The Tang Dynasty Expands China Sui Dynasty o Lasted only 2 emperors o Greatest accomplishment – finished Great Canal Connected the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers Provided trade between north and south To dig 1000 mile waterway Used peasants – men and women Took 5 years Half died on job Thousands more died on rebuilding Great Wall This (and fact they were overtaxed and overworked) caused them to revolt In 618, a member of the court strangled the 2nd Sui emperor Tang Rulers Create a Powerful Empire Sui dynasty was short but laid a good foundation Tang Dynasty was next – first emperor: Tang Taizong o Expanded empire o Took Korea During the Korean campaign – the ruler was Wu Zhao (woo jow) She held real power while others sat the throne Assumed title of emperor herself in 690 – only woman in China to ever do so o Tang emperors Strengthened central government Expanded networks of roads and canals Lowered taxes for peasants and took land from wealthy and gave it to the poor Promoted foreign trade Improvements in agriculture Tank China prospered Scholar Officials Needed to revive the bureaucracy started in the Han Dynasty o Civil Service system was in disarray o Wanted to recruit good officials o o Began to educate candidates Those who passed the hard exam became part of the scholar officials In theory the exams were open to all males Only wealthy could education needed to take the exams Some who had political connections were appointed without the exams System worked well As exam grew in importance talent and education became more important than noble birth Many moderately wealthy shared in government as a result The Tang Lose Power Had to raise taxes to support expanding military o This still did not offset the needs of government o During famine, peasants roamed country in gangs They could not maintain control over the vastness of the empire Outside invasions and internal rebellions broke the dynasty apart The Song Dynasty Restores China After fall of Tang, Chinese warlords divided China into kingdoms Was united again by Song Taizu Never as large as was under Han and Tang o But stable, powerful and prosperous Tried to buy peace with enemies with tributes of silver, silk and tea o Failed to stop threat o By 1100’s Manchurians called Jurchens conquered northern China Set up Jin Empire Forced Song south of the Huang He Then Song only ruled southern China After Song fled south o They set up new capitol Hangzhou o Southern Song saw record economic growth o Becomes economic heartland of China o Merchants in south grew rich from trade An Era of Prosperity and Innovation During the Song Dynasty – population of China was 100 million Most populous and advanced country in the world Science and Technology Movable type – could move blocks around to make type to print Gunpowder – explosive weapons: bombs, grenades, rockets, cannons Porcelain Mechanical clock Paper money Magnetic compass for sailing Developed algebra Used the zero Used negative numbers Agriculture Improved rice cultivation Imported new fast ripening rice from Vietnam o Allowed 2 rice harvests per year per farmer o Allowed more food to feed growing population Trade and Foreign Contacts During Tang and Song, foreign trade flourished Guarded silk roads until fall of Tang Turned to sea for trade Became greatest sea power in the world Had largest port cities in world International trade Helped spread Buddhism Tea, Islam and Christianity came to China The Golden Age of Art Prosperity nurtured art Wealth, education and urbanism fostered art Scholar officials were to write poetry and own at least piece of good art Painting show Daoist influence o Beauty of natural landscapes o Single branch or flower o Did not use bright colors o Black ink was favorite Changes in Chinese Society People moved to the cities in large numbers Growing cities offered opportunities for managers, professionals and skilled workers Greatest achievement was civil service system Levels of Society Upper class (gentry) – scholar officials and their families; attained by education and civil service positions (this replaced land owners on top); many gained enough wealth to own land Urban Middle Class – merchants, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, minor officials Lower class – laborers, soldiers, servants Peasant class – largest class Status of Women Had always been subservient to men Status further declined during Tang and Song Status declined most upper class women in cities o Their work was considered even less important in the family scheme of things Peasant women not affected as much by changing attitudes – they still worked in the fields to produce food – nothing changed One sign of changing status was foot binding – practice continued through 20th century o Young girls feet were bound with cloth o Eventually broke the arch and it wrapped under – except for big toe o Called a “lily foot” o Crippled for life o Sign of wealth and prosperity – husband could afford such a beautiful but impractical wife 11.2 The Mongol Conquests Mongols to the north prided themselves o Skill on horseback o Discipline o Ruthlessness o Courage in battle They wanted wealth and glory that they could get from conquering great empires Nomads of the Asian Steppe Mongols Steppe – in Eurasia o Dry grassland o Served as a land trade route between east and west o And home to nomadic Mongols Geography of the Steppe Eastern steppe occupied by Huns, Turks and Mongols Very little rain Dry air does support short hardy grasses Temperature extremes Western areas rain more plentiful and milder climate – where most people of the steppe live Where the steppe ended is where cultivated fields began The Nomadic Way of Life Nomad were pastoralists Constantly on the move looking for pasture land Did not wander but followed seasonal pattern – same pattern yearly Often fought over land areas that they came back to occupy after being gone The depended on their animals for o Food o Clothing o Housing Traveled in kinship groups called clans o Member so each clan had common ancestors o Relied on leaders to make good decisions Where to pasture Military strategies o Different clans sometimes came together to fight against an enemy Steppe Nomads and Settled Societies Nomads and settled people lived among each other o Often the traded peacefully o Nomads traded horses for things they needed: grain, metal, cloth and tea o Nomads were use to hardship and prided themselves on toughness o Often tempted by what wealthy had and sometimes took by force Settled people lived in fear of raids The settled people of the steppe tried to keep out nomadic peoples o Built and rebuilt Great Wall o But during times of weakened states the raids increased o Sometimes strong groups like Genghis Khan and his Mongols would take over whole empires Often would become a part of the civilization they conquered The Rise of the Mongols Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols Temujin – clan leader o Wanted to unite the Mongols o He began to defeat enemies ruthlessly o Accepted title Genghis Khan with means “universal ruler” – lead all Mongol clans o Ruled 21 years o Wanted to conquer all of Asia Started with China Then turned to Islamic regions because he was angry about the murder of Mongol traders by Muslims Ruthless in his pursuit of Muslims Genghis the Conqueror Why he was so successful o Great organizer Organized his military into units led by able commanders o Gifted strategist Used tricks Send in small unit; then have them retreat; once chased the enemy would ride right into a larger army and be slaughtered Make the army look larger than it was – would dress prisoners or lifelike dummies in Mongol clothing Used spies o Adopted new weapons and technologies from others Captured Chinese engineers to make catapults and gunpowder for them and then used it to conquer the Chinese o Used cruelty as a weapon The terror they inflicted would precede them and groups would surrender without a fight The Mongol Empire He died in 1227 from illness o his successors continued to expand from China to Poland o created the largest empire in history The Khanates Great Khan was Genghis’ son and continued to expand By 1260 the empire was divided into Khanates – each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Was called the “Khanate of the Great Khan” The Mongols as Rulers Many areas invaded by the Mongols never recovered o Sometimes whole populations were destroyed o Land was destroyed, irrigation system destroyed, etc This could no longer sustain populations The Mongol Peace The Mongols imposed stability, law and order across Eurasia o Period sometimes called “Mongol Peace” o They guaranteed safe passage of trade caravans, travelers and missionaries all over the empire o Trade had never been more active o New ideas, inventions and innovations flourished during this time o They probably spread the first bubonic plague in Europe 11.3 Empire of the Great Khan Kublai Khan – grandson of Genghis Khan o Titled – Great Khan Ruled all of Mongol Empire in theory o Actually ruled one of 4 khanates Other descendants of Genghis ruled the other 3 o He expanded his khanate over Mongolia Korea Tibet N. China Had to fulfill his father’s goal to rule all of China – so he focused on expanding his own khanate Kublai Khan Conquers China Took 3 generations of Mongols to rule all of China Kublai Khan was successful Beginning of a New Dynasty Kublai Khan o o Founded Yuan (yoo-AHN) Dynasty Dynasty important because United China (considered him Greatest Chinese Emperor) Mongol rule opened greater foreign contacts and trade Tolerated Chinese culture and made few changes to the government system Kublai spent most of his life in China – unlike ancestors He did not hate civilization like ancestors Liked luxury Built square walled capitol at what is now Beijing (this moved the capital from Mongolia to China) o Palace impressed Marco Polo – a traveling European Failure to Conquer Japan Almost destroyed Korean economy by forcing them to build, sail and provide provisions for fleet to attack Japan Second Attempt: Largest seaborne invasion in history until WWII o a typhoon destroyed Mongol fleet o Japan referred to it as “kamikaze” or “divine wind” Mongol Rule in China Mongol Rule (barbaric and backwards) could not rule sophisticated China Also few Mongols compared to Chinese population Kublai had to use existing Chinese institutions and non-Mongol officials to rule successfully The Mongols and the Chinese Little in common with the Chinese o So they lived apart from them o Followed different laws o Did not trust them so only kept officials at local level o Gave high posts to Mongols and foreigners (they had no local loyalties) Muslims Marco Polo – Venice – Christian Able leader o Restored Grand Canal and extended it to Beijing o Built paved highway along its banks to improve trade Encouragement of Foreign Trade Mongol Peace kept trade routes safe Created post roads or mail routes – improved trade Invited merchants to visit China Chinese trade items o Silk o Porcelain o Printed items o Gun powder o Compass o Paper currency o Playing cards Marco Polo at the Mongol Court Venetian trade Came to Kublai court in 1275 – worked for him for 17 years Had learned several Asian languages along Silk Roads Went on government missions for Kublai Went back to Venice 2 years before Kublai died Later during a war in Venice, Marco Polo was imprisoned o He wrote of his adventures in China Their opulence Coal burning in homes Wealth etc A fellow prisoner put it into a book Read throughout Europe No one believed the stories – thought they were tall tales The End of Mongol Rule Problems in the Mongol rule began 1 year before Kublai’s death He continued to expand o Had several defeats that were costly o Heavy spending on wars and military were debilitating the empire o Spending on public works and luxuries for the high court burdened the treasury o All created resentment Yuan Dynasty Overthrown Kublai died in 1294 at age 80 Family members struggled for control Rebellions by Chinese broke out o They resented Mongol rule o Tired of humiliation o Rebellions were also fueled by Famine Flood Disease Economic problems Official corruption o In 1398 Chinese finally overthrew the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty o Some Mongols stayed in China to be cavalrymen; others returned the Mongolian Steppe – their home 12.4 Feudal Powers in Japan Japan lies east of China Japan comes from Chinese words ri ben = origin of the sun Borrowed ideas, institutions and culture from China – took in ideas but made them their own The Growth of Japanese Civilization Island location shaped its civilization Separated by enough water to benefit from other Asian cultures, but far enough to be safe from invasion The Geography of Japan 4,000 islands – Japanese archipelago (island group) Most lived on 4 biggest islands o Hokkaido (hah-Ky-doh) o Honshu (HAHN-shoo) o Shikoku (shih-KOH-koo) o Kyushu (kee-OO-shoo) Mild climate with plenty of rain So mountainous only 15 suitable for farming Coal, oil and iron in short supply Typhoons, earthquakes and tidal waves are a threat Early Japan First historic mention – from China – 300 AD o Not united o 100’s of clans controlled territories o Worshipped own nature gods and goddesses – local deities Forms into first Japanese religion – Shinto – means “way of the gods” o No rituals Based on respect of nature and worship of ancestors Believed in Kami – divine spirits that lived in nature Anything beautiful (rock, tree, waterfall, etc.) was the home of a kami The Yamato Emperors The leading clan Claimed they descended from the sun goddess – amaterasu By 7th century called themselves emperors of Japan o But didn’t really rule o They lacked real power The Japanese Adopt Chinese Ideas By 500 AD Japan began to have more contact with mainland – this spread culture both ways Buddhism in Japan Korea brought Buddhism to Japan It spread and blended with Shinto Cultural Borrowing From China Spreading Buddhism raised interest in Chinese ways Sent mission groups (during Tang Dynasty) to China to study it ways and bring back cultural ideas o Adopted Chinese system of writing o Chinese painting styles o Chinese: cooking, gardening, tea and hair For a time Japan modeled government after Chinese – civil service exams o Failed to catch on – Japan continued to follow noble birth in powerful ruling positions Even though they adopted many Chinese ideas and ways, the retained their own traditions as well Life in the Heian Period 794 – the Imperial Court moved to Heian (now Kyoto) o Many upper class moved there as well in order to attend court Court consisted of rituals, artistic pursuits and rules of etiquette – it dictated life o Length of swords o Color of robes o Forms of address o Number of skirts a woman could ware o No loud laughter o No mismatched clothes o Women wore hair to their ankles o Women blackened their teeth o Dyed clothes to match seasons o Required to write poetry and paint o To not follow the rules meant embarrassment o Nobles looked down on the poor because they could not participate at court Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority Decline of Central Power Fujiwara family held power in Japan during the Heian Period Court families began to grow more interested in luxury than governing Large landowners o Set up private armies o Countryside became Lawless Dangerous Armies preyed on travelers and farmers o Pirates took control of the seas For protection o Small landowners and farmers traded parts of their land to warlords for protection o Lords gained power with the more land they were gaining Start of feudalism Samurai Warriors Because of rivals between lands o Set up bodyguards called samurai (means “one who serves”) o o Samurai lived by strict code called bushido (means “way of the warrior”) Samurai Showed reckless courage Reverence for the gods Fairness Generosity to the weaker Dying an honorable death was more important than a long life The Kamakura Shogunate Late 1100’s there was a power struggle o Minamoto family emerged victorious o Yoritomo, their leader, was titled Shogun (means “supreme general of emperors army”) by the emperor o Shogun was a military dictator and they governed Officials Judges Taxes Armies Roads Emperor still reigned from Kyoto (built at Heian after it was destroyed by war) o Real center of power was at the military headquarters in Kamakura o This implied that the emperors were puppet emperors o Shoguns ruled Local lords maintained power of their province if they served the shogun Shoguns assigned governors called daimyo (DY-mee-OH) or “great lords” to maintain peace and order in the province Kamakura Shoguns o Strong enough to stop 2 attempts by the Mongols to invade o But it drained the treasury o Local samurai were angry when the government couldn’t pay them Kamakura shoguns lost their prestige and power as samurai’s became loyal to the local lords 12.5 Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea Southeast Asia lies south of China Includes modern countries of o Myanmar (Burma) o Laos o Cambodia o Vietnam o Malaysia o Indonesia o Thailand o Singapore o Brunei o Phillipines To China’s northeast o Korean Peninsula Divided into north and south Kingdoms of Southeast Asia Kingdoms rose around rivers and deltas Geography of Southeast Asia Indian to Pacific Ocean; Asia to Australia Consists of 2 main parts o Mainland o Islands Climate o Warm, humid tropics o Monsoon winds o Long annual winds Never been united politically or culturally Mountains made communication difficult Lots of variety in language and cultures Key to power o Control trade routes and harbors Local lords o Charged fee to use waterways and fees for protection from pirates Influence of India and China Indian merchants arrived in China o Brought Hindu and Buddhist missionaries that spread the faith o Kingdoms arose that followed these religions and modeled Indian government o Hindu culture spread Many followed Hindu practices Poets wrote in Indian language – Sanskrit The Khmer Empire What is now Cambodia For centuries was main power of mainland Kingdom called Funan dominated trade between China and India Improved rice growing methods helped them be prosperous o Built irrigation systems o Built waterways o 3 or 4 rice crops a year Capitol Angkor o Built city-temple complexes Angkor Wat – strong Indian influence One of world’s greatest architectural achievements Covers a square mile Built as a symbolic mountain to Hindu god Vishnu It was also used as an observatory Island Trading Kingdoms Sailendra – ruled agricultural kingdom on the island Java Built another of world’s great architectural achievements o Buddhist temple at Borobudur (strong Indian influence) o Had terrace levels – like a pyramid Overthrown by Srivijaya o Controlled waters around Sumatra, Borneo and Java o Grew wealthy by taxing trade through waters o Its capitol, Palembang, became Buddhist learning center Vietnam Least influenced by India Controlled by China until it broke away in 939 Absorbed much Chinese culture; including Buddhism o But also maintained their own independence and identity For example: Vietnamese women had more freedoms than Chinese women Established capitol at Hanoi o On the Red River delta Mongols tried 3 times to conquer them but failed Korean Dynasties Korean legend: o First Korean state founded by Hero Tan’gun Father was a god and mother was a bear Another legend: o 2 sides of the development of Korean culture Koreans were distinct people who developed their own native traditions Other side: culture was shaped by Chinese influences Reality: borrowed what they wanted from other cultures but maintained their own distinct way of life Geography of Korea On a peninsula Size of Utah Climate o Hot in summer; very cold in winter Mountainous Limited area can be farmed Isolated because of natural barriers o Mountains in north separated Korea from Manchuria o Seas Early History In early Korea, clans and tribes controlled territories Chinese Han empire conquered much of Korea o From this Koreans learned about Centralized government Confucianism Buddhism Writing During the Han period o Clans and tribes began to gather into federations Which then developed into 3 rival kingdoms Silla – defeated the other 2 and chased out the Chinese Silla took control of entire peninsula o Built Buddhist monasteries o Produced stone and bronze sculptures o Developed a writing system Suitable for writing Korean phonetically But kept Chinese characters The Koryu Dynasty When Silla rule weakened o Rebel office took over and became king – Wang Kon o Name is an abbreviation of Koguryo Origin of modern name Korea Modeled government after Chinese o Adopted civil service system and exams o Established a university to teach for the exams o Did not provide the social mobility that it had for the Chinese Their society was sharply divided between o Landed nobility o And everyone else: military, commoners and slaves Despite the exam system o Sons of nobles gained the best positions – which became hereditary Landed nobles kept acquiring land which left everyone else with very little This spurred rebellions – but the Koryu Dynasty managed to hold onto the power Then the Mongols came o They demanded crushing tribute 20,000 horses Clothing for 1 millions soldiers Children and artisans for slaves Oppression and taxation of the people by the wealthy landlords led to new revolts o Group of scholar officials and military overthrew the Koryu Dynasty and instituted land reforms o Established new Dynasty – Choson Dynasty Koryu Culture Song porcelain artists – produced celadon pottery – milky green glaze Writers produced poetry and history books Produced wooden blocks for printing scriptures