Download General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005

General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 1
CHAPTER 16
Plants, Fungi, and the Move
onto Land
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides for
Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology
Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon
Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero
Copyrigh t © 2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY:
THE BALANCING ACT OF FOREST
CONSERVATION
• Coniferous forests are highly productive
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Slide 3
• Our demand for wood and paper is so great that
clear-cut areas have become commonplace
Figure 16.1
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 4
• The loss of coniferous forests
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Slide 5
COLONIZING LAND
• Plants
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Slide 6
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
Structural Adaptations
• Living on land poses different problems from living
in water
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 7
Leaf
performs photosynthesis
Plant
Cuticle
reduces water loss;
stomata allow gas
exchange
Shoot
supports plant
(and may perform
photosynthesis)
Alga
Surrounding water
supports the alga
Whole alga
performs
Photosynthesis;
absorbs
water, CO 2,
and minerals
from the water
Roots
anchor plant;
absorb water
and minerals
from the soil
(aided by
fungi)
Figure 16.2
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Slide 8
• Most plants have mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungi
associated with their roots
Figure 16.3
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Slide 9
• Leaves
Figure 16.4
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 10
• Other types of vascular tissue are found in the roots
and shoots of plants
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Slide 11
Reproductive Adaptations
• Plants produce their gametes in protective structures
called gametangia
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Slide 12
• In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an
embryo while still contained within the female
parent
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 13
Ovary of
flower
Embryo
Maternal
tissue
Figure 16.5
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Slide 14
The Origin of Plants from Green Algae
• The move onto land and the spread of plants to
diverse terrestrial environments were incremental
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Slide 15
• Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a
group of green algae called charophyceans closest
to plants
Figure 16.6
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 16
PLANT DIVERSITY
• The history of the plant kingdom is a story of
adaptation to diverse terrestrial habitats
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Slide 17
Highlights of Plant Evolution
• The fossil record chronicles four major periods of
plant evolution
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Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
(e.g., conifers)
Seedless vascular plants
(e.g., ferns)
Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Charophyceans (a group of green algae)
Slide 18
Diversification of
flowering plants
First seed plants
Early vascular plants
Origin of plants
Figure 16.7
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 19
• The first period
• The second period
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Slide 20
• The third period
• The fourth period
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Slide 21
Bryophytes
• Mosses
Figure 16.8
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 22
• Mosses display two key terrestrial adaptations
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Slide 23
• Mosses have two distinct versions of the plant
Figure 16.9
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Slide 24
• The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of
generations
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 25
Spores
n
M
ito
si
Mi
to
s
Gametes
(sperm and
eggs)
n
sis
Gametophyte
n
Haploid
Meiosis
Fertilization
Diploid
Spore
capsule
Sporophyte
2n
M
i to
si
s
Zygote
2n
Figure 16.10
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Slide 26
Ferns
• Ferns
Figure 16.11
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Slide 27
• During the Carboniferous period, about 290–360
million years ago, ferns formed swampy forests that
covered much of what is now Eurasia and North
America
Figure 16.12
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 28
Gymnosperms
• A drier, colder climate at the end of the
Carboniferous period favored the evolution of
gymnosperms, the first seed plants
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Slide 29
Conifers
• Conifers
Figure 16.13
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Slide 30
Terrestrial Adaptations of Seed Plants
• Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three
terrestrial adaptations
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 31
• The first adaptation is a greater development of the
diploid sporophyte compared to the haploid
gametophyte generation
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Slide 32
Haploid (n)
Gametophyte (n)
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
Sporophyte (2n)
(a) Sporophyte
dependent on
gametophyte (e.g.,
mosses)
Sporophyte (2n)
(b) Largesporophyte and
small, independent
gametophyte (e.g.,
ferns)
Diploid (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
(c) Reduced gametophyte
dependent on
sporophyte(seed
plants)
Figure 16.14
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Slide 33
• A pine tree of other
conifer is actually a
sporophyte with
tiny gametophytes
living in cones
Figure 16.15
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 34
• A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land was
the evolution of pollen
• A pollen grain
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Slide 35
• The third terrestrial adaptation was the development
of the seed
• A seed consists of a plant embryo packaged along
with a food supply within a protective coat
Integuments
Female
gametophyte
Spore case
Seed coat
(derived from
integuments)
Food supply
(derived from
female
gametophyte
tissue)
Spore
Pollen tube
Haploid ( n)
Pollen grain
(male gametophyte)
Egg
nucleus
Discharged
sperm
nucleus
Embryo
(new sporophyte)
Diploid (2n)
(a) Ovule
(b) Fertilized ovule
(c) Seed
Figure 16.16
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Slide 36
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms
• More efficient water transport and the evolution of
the flower help account for the success of the
angiosperms
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 37
Flowers, Fruits, and the Angiosperm Life Cycle
• The dominant stage of the angiosperms is a
sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers
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Slide 38
Petal
Stamen
Carpel
Anther
Filament
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule
Sepal
Figure 16.17
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Slide 39
• The life cycle of an angiosperm
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 40
Germinated pollen grain
(male gametophyte) on
stig ma of carpel
Anther at tip of stamen
Pollen tube grow ing
down style of carpel
Mature
sporophyte
plant w ith
flowers
Ovary (base of
carpel)
Ovule
Fertilization
Embryo sac
(female
gametophyte)
Endosperm
Egg
Zygote
Sperm
nuclei
Sporophyte
seedling
Embryo
( sporophyte )
Seed
G erminating
seed
Seed
(develops
from ovule)
Fruit
(develops
from ovary)
Figure 16.18
Haploid ( n )
Diploid (2 n )
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Slide 41
• The seed being enclosed within an ovary
distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms
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Slide 42
• A fruit
Figure 16.19
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 43
Angiosperms and Agriculture
• Angiosperms
• Agriculture
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Slide 44
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
• The exploding human population is extinguishing
plant species at an unprecedented rate
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Slide 45
• Humans depend on plants for thousands of products
including food, building materials, and medicines
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 46
Table 16.1
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Slide 47
• Preserving plant diversity is important to many
ecosystems as well as humans
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Slide 48
FUNGI
• Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems
because they decompose and recycle organic
materials
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 49
• Fungi
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Slide 50
• A gallery of diverse fungi
Figure 16.20
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Slide 51
Characteristics of Fungi
• In this section, the structure and function of fungi
are described
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 52
Fungal Nutrition
• Fungi are heterotrophs
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Slide 53
Fungal Structure
• The bodies of most fungi are constructed of
structures called hyphae
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Slide 54
• The hyphae
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 55
Reproductive
structure
Sporeproducing
structures
Hyphae
Mycelium
Figure 16.21
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Slide 56
Fungal Reproduction
• Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are
produced either sexually or asexually
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Slide 57
The Ecological Impact of Fungi
• Fungi
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 58
Fungi as Decomposers
• Fungi and bacteria
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Slide 59
• Molds
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Slide 60
Parasitic Fungi
• Of the 100,000
known species of
fungi, about 30%
make their living as
parasites
Figure 16.22
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 61
• About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic
in humans and other animals
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Slide 62
Commercial Uses of Fungi
• Fungi are
commercially
important
Figure 16.23
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Slide 63
• Some fungi produce antibiotics
Figure 16.24
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Slide 64
EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
MUTUAL SYMBIOSIS
• Interdependence between species, or symbiosis, is
an evolutionary product
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Slide 65
• Lichens
Figure 16.25
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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005
Dr. Frisby
Chapter 16 Study Objectives
1. Describe the value, uses of, and threats to coniferous forests.
2. Distinguish between algae and plants. Describe the functions of the following terrestrial
adaptations: stomata, cuticle, lignin, vascular tissue, and gametangia.
3. Describe the process by which algae likely evolved onto land.
4. Describe the four major periods of plant evolution.
5. Describe the life cycle and two key terrestrial adaptations of mosses.
6. Explain how ferns differ from and are similar to mosses. Describe how ancient ferns
became today’s fossil fuels.
7. Describe the environmental conditions that favored the evolution of gymnosperms.
Describe the three additional adaptations to life on land that first appeared in
gymnosperms.
8. Describe the parts and functions of a flower. Explain how flowers are adapted to attract
pllinators.
9. Describe the reasons for the ongoing loss of plant diversity and its likely cost to humans.
10. Describe the structure, feeding, reproduction, and ecological roles of fungi.
11. Distinguish between parasitic and mutualisitic relationships, and give examples of each
involving a fungus.