Download Lecture16PG1006 AnatomicalTerminologyetc

2/16/12
Scaling up: from tissue structure to system and
organism structure
Learning Objectives
Explain the division of the body in terms of positional references, sectional planes, cavities, regions
and quadrants
Establish a working definition of an organ and identify the major organ systems and their functions
Anatomical detail
GROSS
Describe surface
shape, orientation
And relative position
MICRO
Describe with the aid
of the microscope fine
structural detail to
cellular level
Appreciate the information exchange requirements needed for organs to work together
systematically
Develop an understanding of multiple organ system cooperation
in homeostatic control
The Anatomical Position
Anatomical Directional References
Standard illustrations show the human
form in the following position:
-hands at sides
-palms forward
-feet together
FRONT VIEW=ANTERIOR
REAR VIEW=POSTERIOR
If lying down & anterior aspect up
=SUPINE
If lying down & posterior aspect up
=PRONE
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 7th Ed.
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Sectional Planes
Frontal also known as
coronal
Sagittal cut parallel to
midline known as
parasagittal
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants and Regions
Anatomical Regions
Area
Head
Neck
Chest
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Abdomen
Loin
Buttock
Pelvis
Region
Cephalic
Cervical
Thoracic
Brachial
Antebrachial
Carpal
Manual
Abdominal
Lumbar
Gluteal
Pelvic
Area
Anterior Pelvis
Groin
Thigh
Anterior leg
Calf
Ankle
Foot
Sole
Region
Pubic
Inguinal
Femoral
Crucal
Sural
Tursal
Pedal
Plantar
Organs are suspended inside chambers termed cavities
Protection and room for expansion
Dashed lines delineate upper and lower,right and left quadrants
N.B. Although the kidney and pancreas are in the abdominal cavity they lie
behind the peritoneum and are thus described as retroperitoneal
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Organs and Organ Systems
Organ
2 or more tissues, generally combined in a discrete unit specialised to
perform a particular function.
e.g) the heart
Organ System
Co-ordinated physical and chemical interactions between discrete
organs/tissues to deliver a systemic function.
e.g) the cardiovascular system (heart-blood vessels-blood)
System Integration
Anatomical/functional co-dependency and cross-regulation between
organ systems. Key to whole body homeostasis.
e.g.) cardiovascular system & urinary system regulate fluid balance
Some Commonalities in Organs
Requirement for perfusion (nutrient in/waste out/blood borne secretions
out
Penetration by cardiovascular system
Penetration by lymphatic system
Integration with digestive and urinary systems
Requirement for input control and feedback
Penetration by nervous system
Penetration by cardiovascular system (endocrine communication)
Requirement for infection surveillance
Penetration by cardiovascular system
Penetration by lymphatic system
N.B. Perturbation of one organ system can initiate a
cascade of disturbances in other organ systems
The Eleven Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Muscular (Skeletal)
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
coordinated
function
Dynamic control
of internal
environment
The Integumentary System
Major Components
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
Functions
Protective barrier
Body temperature regulation
Sensory input
Synthesis of Vitamin D
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The Skeletal System
The Muscular (Skeletal) System
Major Components
Bone
Cartilage
Marrow
Major Components
Skeletal muscle fibres
Tendons
Functions
Support
Protection
Calcium storage
Synthesis of blood cell precursors
Functions
Support
Protection
Movement
Thermoregulation
The Nervous System
Major Components
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sensory organs
Functions
Coordination of activity
Consciousness
The Endocrine System
Major Components
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroids
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Gonads
Adipose tissue
Functions
Long term regulation of function
Control of metabolism
Developmental change
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The Circulatory System
Major Components
Cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood
Vasculature
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Functions
Distribution of dissolved and
suspended material
Interstitial fluid recirculation
Immune cell trafficking
Thermoregulation
The Respiratory System
Major Components
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Functions
Gas exchange
Generation of sound
The Immune System
Major Components
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Functions
Infection surveillance
The Digestive System
Major Components
Oral cavity and teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Functions
Digestion
Absorption
Excretion
Storage of nutrients
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The Reproductive System
The Urinary System
Major Components
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Functions
Excretion
Regulation of blood pH
Regulation of ECF volume
Regulation of erythropoesis
Vitamin synthesis
Major Components
Male
Testes and scrotum
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Female
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
(Mammary glands)
Functions
Male
Testosterone synthesis
Spermatazoa production
Copulation
Female
Progesterone & oestrogen
synthesis
Oocyte generation
Copulation
Gestation of foetus
Lactation
Plasma Calcium Homeostasis Involves Interaction of all
The Following Systems
-SKIN
-ENDOCRINE
-BONE
-GASTROINTESTINAL
-URINARY
Refer to text in red on previous slides and then try to
put together the story from your physiology textbook
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