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The Peninsula of Peninsulas Physical Geography and Climate of Europe 1 What is a peninsula? • A portion of land surrounded by water and connected to a larger body by an isthmus. 2 Europe is a large peninsula stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains. 3 I. Peninsulas and Islands A. Scandinavian Peninsula i. Occupied by Norway, Sweden and surrounded by the Norwegian Sea, North Sea, and Baltic Sea. ii. Glaciers scoured away rich topsoil and left thin, rocky soil instead. iii. Glaciers carved out fjords, steep U-shaped valleys that connect to the sea. • Fjords make good harbors due to their great depths. 4 5 B. Jutland Peninsula i. Forms the largest part of Denmark ii. Areas is mainly swampy due to it’s low-lying location C. Iberian Peninsula i. Occupied by Spain and Portugal ii. The Pyrenees Mountains block off the peninsula from the rest of Europe 6 D. Italian Peninsula i. Occupied by Italy ii. Extends into the Mediterranean and has 4,700 miles of coastline E. Balkan Peninsula i. Bordered by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas ii. Many mountains make transportation difficult 7 F. Islands i. North Atlantic: Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland ii. Mediterranean Sea: Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete 8 How many mountain chains cut across Europe? 9 10 II. Mountains and Uplands A. The Alps i. Fan across France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the northern Balkan Peninsula B. The Pyrenees i. Block Spain and Portugal from the rest of Europe C. The Apennines i. Divide the Italian peninsula east from west 11 Pyrenees Mts. France Mediterranean Sea 12 D. The Balkan Mountains i. Block off the Balkan Peninsula from the rest of Europe ii. Have isolated ethnic groups from each other • What have been the effects of this isolation? 13 E. Uplands i. are hills or very low mountains ii. Meseta- central plateau of Spain iii. Massif Centraluplands in France 14 What do rivers do? • Connect regions • Bring people and goods together • Transport goods between coastal harbors and the inland region. 15 III. Rivers A. The Rhine i. Flows 820 miles from the interior of Europe to the North Sea B. The Danube i. Traverses 9 countries ii. Over 1,771 miles long, linking Europe to the Black Sea • Why is this river important? 16 17 IV. Fertile Plains A. Northern European Plains i. ii. Begins in France and spans eastward into Russia The soil and climate make this area suitable for agriculture • 33% of the land in Europe is suitable for agriculture 18 V. Resources A. Energy – Oil and natural gas are found beneath the North Sea floor – Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Denmark pump oil from rigs as far as 400 miles away from the coast 19 B. Distributions i. Ireland lacks energy resources, so people rely on peat for fire fuel. ii. Peat is cut into blocks, dried and sold for use in fireplaces and stoves. 20 VI. Climate and Vegetation a. Western Europe i. Most of western Europe has a marine west coast climate-warm summers, and cool winters ii. The North Atlantic Drift pushes warm water from the Atlantic Ocean, which warms the air flowing westward into Europe iii. The prevailing westerlies are warm winds coming from the low latitudes (i.e. 23N), which moderate climate, so winters are not too cold, or summers too warm. 21 22 b. Eastern Europe i. Sweden, Finland, with eastern parts of Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary have a humid continental climate- cold, snowy winters, with warm or hot summers. ii. Since Eastern Europe is farther away from the prevailing westerly winds, the region experiences extremely cold winters and hot summers. • This phenomena is called continentality. 23 c. Southern Europe i. Mediterranean climate extends through southern Spain, France, Italy, Greece and the lower parts of the Balkan Peninsula ii. Climate creates hot, dry summers, with clear skies, and moderate, rainy winters iii. The Mediterranean coast of France receives the Mistral-cold, dry wind from the Arctic iv. The rest of the Mediterranean receives the siroccohot, steady wind that blows from Africa. – The sirocco winds bring dust from the Sahara or moisture from the Mediterranean Sea 24 Mistral winds from the north Sirocco winds from Africa 25 26 d. Land of the Midnight Sun i. Subarctic Climate Far north Scandinavia lies along the Arctic Circle ii. Soil remains in a state of permafrost, only allowing small shrubs, mosses or lichen to grow iii. Winter nights are extremely long-some days the sun never rises iv. Some summer days are also long- the sun never sets 27 28 Summer in far north Scandinavia 29