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BIO 202 STUDENT LECTURE NOTES Lecture: Blood lll What is the cardiac cycle? ____________________________________________________________________________ What is systole _____________________________________________________________________________________ What is diastole _____________________________________________________________________________________ Label the diagram. Include: EDV; SV; ESV; atrial pressure; ventricular pressure; aortic pressure; dicrotic notch – what causes it? _________ ___________________________________; EKG; P wave; QRS; T wave; heart sounds 1st and 2nd; AV valve – open and close; Aortic semilunar – open and close; Match these events with the heart pictures and describe each: Isovolumetric relaxation__________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________; Atrial contraction and ventricular filling______ ______________________________________ ______________________________________; Ventricular filling(used twice)______________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________; Isovolumetric contraction_________________ _______________________________ _______________________________; Ventricular ejection_______________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ___________ _________ ___________ ___________ ___________ __________ Normal systolic blood pressure (aorta): __________________ Normal diastolic blood pressure (aorta): __________________ CO = ________ X ___________ Cardiac output is the amount of blood each ________________ pumps out per _______________ (unit of time). What is a normal stroke volume? _____________ What is a normal heart resting heart rate? __________ So, what is a normal resting CO? __________ How does this CO relate to a human’s total blood volume? ______________ So, what % of our blood volume moves through the heart each minute? ______________ What two main ways can the CO be increased? 1._____________________________ 2. ___________________________ STROKE VOLUME 1. Preload – degree of ________________ of cardiac muscle cells just prior contraction – related to EDV What is EDV? (full name + describe what it is) _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the Frank - Starling law of the heart _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ The mechanism involves the response to physical stretching the muscle fibers themselves. (basically the more blood in the ventricle, the more blood is ejected ________ of the ventricle ) Preload is proportional to the EDV. What are two ways to increase the EDV? 1. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Contractility Similar to above, except involves extrinsic factors (from outside the cells) that effects the strength of contraction of the muscle fibers. With greater contractility, there is a lower ESV (full name + describe what it is)__________________________________ _________________________________________________________ and so a greater SV. Inotropic agents affect the force of muscle contraction. They can be positive or negative. Most positive inotropes increase contractility by increasing _______________ levels in the cell. Ex. sympathetic stimulation involves _________________________ and ________________________ (two “messenger” molecules) that work by increasing ___________ in the cell. Force of contraction relates to how much cross-bridging there is between __________________ and ___________________. How much they bind/ cross-bridge depends on the calcium ion concentration within the cell. 3. Afterload Define: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Would hypertension (define: ________________________________) increase or decrease afterload. Explain briefly: ___ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________HEART RATE Most important extrinsic control of HR is the ANS. In ______________________ (part of brain stem) are two cardiac centers: 1. cardioinhibitory center - _______________________ division sends APs to preganglionic neurons in nucleus of ________________ (Cr. Nerve X). Sends APs down ______________ to synapse with ganglionic neurons in the heart wall. Effects the 1. __________ node and 2. ______________node - in rest – PS dominant – heart is under “___________ tone” → resting heart rate 2. cardioacceleratory center - ______________________ division sends APs to preganglionic neurons in upper thoracic spinal cord. Their preganglionic axons travel to and synapse in the superior part of the ____________________ trunk. From here, postganglionic axons then travel to the heart. Effects the 1. ______________node 2. _________________ node AND 3. the __________________________ -in stress – S dominant – increase HR and also increases ________________________ so have an increased CO. The two hormones _______________________ and _____________________ released from the _______________ gland are also part of the sympathetic effect and has similar effects. Other effects on HR: Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that can ________________ the HR Ions – need correct levels to maintain heart function – Name three ions whose levels can affect the heart ____, ____, ____ Define: Tachycardia ____________________________________________ Bradycardia ____________________________________________ Does this chart make sense? Note: one important way blood movement occurs in veins is by moving muscles squeezing on the veins “milking” the blood within them back to the heart – so increase in muscle movements helps to increase the venous blood return (blood in veins) back to the heart