Download Bio202studentlecturenotesHeartlll

BIO 202 STUDENT LECTURE NOTES
Lecture: Blood lll
What is the cardiac cycle? ____________________________________________________________________________
What is systole _____________________________________________________________________________________
What is diastole _____________________________________________________________________________________
Label the diagram. Include:
EDV; SV; ESV; atrial pressure; ventricular
pressure; aortic pressure;
dicrotic notch – what causes it? _________
___________________________________;
EKG; P wave; QRS; T wave;
heart sounds 1st and 2nd;
AV valve – open and close;
Aortic semilunar – open and close;
Match these events with the heart pictures
and describe each:
Isovolumetric relaxation__________________
______________________________________
______________________________________;
Atrial contraction and ventricular filling______
______________________________________
______________________________________;
Ventricular filling(used twice)______________
______________________________________
______________________________________;
Isovolumetric contraction_________________
_______________________________
_______________________________;
Ventricular ejection_______________
_______________________________
_______________________________
___________ _________ ___________ ___________ ___________ __________
Normal systolic blood pressure
(aorta): __________________
Normal diastolic blood pressure
(aorta): __________________
CO = ________ X ___________
Cardiac output is the amount of blood each ________________ pumps out per _______________ (unit of time).
What is a normal stroke volume? _____________
What is a normal heart resting heart rate? __________
So, what is a normal resting CO? __________
How does this CO relate to a human’s total blood volume? ______________
So, what % of our blood volume moves through the heart each minute? ______________
What two main ways can the CO be increased? 1._____________________________ 2. ___________________________
STROKE VOLUME
1. Preload – degree of ________________ of cardiac muscle cells just prior contraction – related to EDV
What is EDV? (full name + describe what it is) _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the Frank - Starling law of the heart _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The mechanism involves the response to physical stretching the muscle fibers themselves.
(basically the more blood in the ventricle, the more blood is ejected ________ of the ventricle )
Preload is proportional to the EDV. What are two ways to increase the EDV?
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Contractility
Similar to above, except involves extrinsic factors (from outside the cells) that effects the strength of contraction of the
muscle fibers.
With greater contractility, there is a lower ESV (full name + describe what it is)__________________________________
_________________________________________________________ and so a greater SV.
Inotropic agents affect the force of muscle contraction. They can be positive or negative.
Most positive inotropes increase contractility by increasing _______________ levels in the cell.
Ex. sympathetic stimulation involves _________________________ and ________________________ (two “messenger”
molecules) that work by increasing ___________ in the cell. Force of contraction relates to how much cross-bridging there
is between __________________ and ___________________. How much they bind/ cross-bridge depends on the calcium
ion concentration within the cell.
3. Afterload
Define: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Would hypertension (define: ________________________________) increase or decrease afterload. Explain briefly: ___
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________HEART RATE
Most important extrinsic control of HR is the ANS.
In ______________________ (part of brain stem) are two cardiac centers:
1. cardioinhibitory center - _______________________ division
sends APs to preganglionic neurons in nucleus of ________________ (Cr. Nerve X). Sends APs down ______________
to synapse with ganglionic neurons in the heart wall. Effects the 1. __________ node and 2. ______________node
- in rest – PS dominant – heart is under “___________ tone” → resting heart rate
2. cardioacceleratory center - ______________________ division
sends APs to preganglionic neurons in upper thoracic spinal cord. Their preganglionic axons travel to and synapse in the
superior part of the ____________________ trunk. From here, postganglionic axons then travel to the heart.
Effects the 1. ______________node 2. _________________ node AND 3. the __________________________
-in stress – S dominant – increase HR and also increases ________________________ so have an increased CO.
The two hormones _______________________ and _____________________ released from the _______________
gland are also part of the sympathetic effect and has similar effects.
Other effects on HR:
Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that can ________________ the HR
Ions – need correct levels to maintain heart function – Name three ions whose levels can affect the heart ____, ____, ____
Define:
Tachycardia ____________________________________________
Bradycardia ____________________________________________
Does this chart make sense?
Note: one important way blood movement occurs in veins is by moving muscles squeezing on the veins “milking” the blood
within them back to the heart – so increase in muscle movements helps to increase the venous blood return (blood in
veins) back to the heart