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Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms wikipedia , lookup
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Ch.29.1 Taking on Segregation Notes Main Idea: Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced civil rights for African Americans in the 50’s and 60’s. Terms: Segregation- separation of races in public facilities and society in general. Desegregation- bringing an end to the separation of races in public facilities and in society . I. Civil Rights Act of 1875 Outlawed segregation in public facilities - 1883- an all white Supreme Court ruled that Civil Rights Act was unconstitutional -it appears that it had no basis in law, but had political overtones of racism II. Plessy Vs. Ferguson An African American man in Louisiana challenged the “separate but equal” law by attempting to ride in an all-white railroad car. - he was removed from the car and brought his case to court -1889- The Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” was constitutional -basically allowing segregation III. Civil Rights Movement There were three reasons that the Civil Rights Movement really got energy after WWII: 1. African American workers contributed to the war effort while white males were away at war and didn’t wish to give up the rights and respect they had earned 2. African American soldiers wished to get the rights and freedoms that had fought so hard for others to achieve during the war 3. FDR passed an order declaring that any company producing supplies for the war could not discriminate IV. NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People African American organization whose goal was to create equality -Legal Strategy- fight segregation in public education -Thurgood Marshall was at the center of arguing cases to fight segregation before the Supreme Court -he won 29 of 32 cases he argued V. Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka (Kansas) Central victory of NAACP which had wide ranging effects on desegregation in 21 states -Father of Linda Carol Brown argued that his daughter should be allowed to attend an all white school 4 blocks from her house rather than walking 21 blocks to an inferior black school. -the argument was that it did not provide “equal protection under the law” according to the 14th Amendment - VI. 1954- Supreme Court rules, “separate but equal has no place in public education.” Little Rock, AK becomes battle ground for desegregation of schools Governor of Arkansas brings in National Guard to prohibit “the Little Rock Nine” from attending Central High School in Little Rock. -Little Rock Nine were nine volunteer students who wished to integrate Central High School -President Eisenhower federalizes the National Guard of Arkansas so that they are under his control -orders National Guard to protect rather than prohibit students from attending Central High -Governor Faubus chooses to close Central High rather than allow it to be desegregated VII. Civil Rights Act of 1957 1st Civil Rights Act since 1857 1. Gives control of desegregation to the Attorney General 2. Gives authority over voting rights to the federal government