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311 11/18/02 9:45 AM 2 Page 309 Page 1 of 5 Texans Fight for the Confederacy Why It Matters Now Texans’ connection to the South was strengthened during the Confederacy and remains strong today. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA Francis R. Lubbock, Fort Sumter, Hood’s Texas Brigade, draft, John B. Magruder, blockade, Battle at Sabine Pass, Richard Dowling, Battle at Palmito Ranch 1. Describe Texas’s transition from a Union to a Confederate state. 2. Explain why a military draft was needed. 3. Identify military campaigns involving Texans. Texas contributed to Confederate military efforts by supplying soldiers to fight in important battles and defending the Gulf Coast. After Lincoln’s inauguration in 1861, four more states joined the Confederacy. War soon followed. Lieutenant Elijah P. Petty of Bastrop joined Walker’s Texas Division of the Confederate army. In Camp 5-1/2 miles North of Tyler, September 11th AD 1862 Dear Wife Cheer up, don’t despair or be discouraged. Keep all things right and when I give the infernal Yankees their just desserts I will Elijah Petty return home to cheer up your spirits and make home happy once more but whilst absent remember that I am in the service of my Country fighting for liberty & human rights . . . and that when I do meet the Yanks I will make them drink the bitter waters of dark damnation for forcing me away from the Comforts of home and the loved ones there. . . . Yours Etc., E. P. Petty, Sept 11th 1862 Elijah Petty never made it home. On April 9, 1864, while fighting in the Red River Campaign, he was killed at Pleasant Hill, Louisiana. Organizing the Confederacy Francis R. Lubbock was elected as Texas’s first Confederate governor under Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Most federal operations, especially post offices, were easily converted to Confederate services. However, there were still 2,700 federal troops stationed in Texas that were considered a danger. Major General David E. Twiggs was asked to surrender the troops and forts. Twiggs, a Southerner, agreed with secession but Confederate flag, 1861 to 1863 The Civil War ✯ 309 311 11/18/02 9:45 AM Page 310 ▲ Of the more than 5,000 men who fought in Hood’s Brigade during the war, only about 600 remained when the brigade finally surrendered. ● How did General Robert E. Lee feel about Hood’s Texas Brigade? Page 2 of 5 was loyal to his military oath. He asked for enough time to retire from service. At first Texans were patient. Finally, Confederate brigadier general Ben McCulloch was ordered to force out the 160 federal soldiers. Twiggs surrendered the soldiers and property without bloodshed. The 11 Confederate states demanded that the Union surrender all federal property, especially military posts. Many forts were taken over peacefully, giving the Confederates badly needed supplies. However, troops refused to leave Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. Fighting broke out on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War. Military Strength of Texas According to the 1860 census, 92,145 white males between the ages of 18 and 45 lived in Texas. Of that number, 60,000 to 70,000 actually served as volunteers or soldiers in military units. Governor Lubbock called for volunteers in 1861, hoping to raise 20 companies. By 1862, 32 companies had been organized. Some of the volunteers, known as the Texas Brigade, were sent to Virginia to fight. They were later called Hood’s Texas Brigade in honor of their first commander, John Bell Hood. Confederate general Robert E. Lee, who respected their courage and military ability, called them “my Texans.” Other units from Texas earned fame during the war. They were Terry’s Texas Rangers, commanded by General Benjamin F. “Frank” Terry, and Ross’s Brigade, commanded by General Lawrence “Sul” Ross. Many Texas soldiers who served in the Civil War fought in the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, or the Army of the TransMississippi. Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Ben McCullough led their troops bravely until each fell in battle. Hood’s Brigade battle flag Sending More Troops to Fight Soon all of the men who wanted to volunteer had done so. However, more people were needed to fight for the Confederacy. The Confederate ▲ Terry’s Texas Ranger volunteers were required to bring a shotgun, Colt revolver, Bowie knife, saddle, bridle, and blanket when they reported for duty. ● Why do you think volunteers had to provide their own equipment? 310 ✯ Chapter 14 311 11/18/02 9:45 AM Page 311 Page 3 of 5 105˚W 100˚W 95˚W 35˚N Nine Civil War Battles In or Near Texas ARKANSAS INDIAN TERRITORY NEW MEXICO TERRITORY Mansfield (Apr. 8, 1864) Dove Creek (Jan. 8, 1865) TEXAS LOUISIANA Sabine Pass (Sept. 8, 1863) Austin CHIHUAHUA 30˚N Nueces (Aug. 10, 1862) Galveston Is. (Jan. 1, 1863) Capital Battle site Port Lavaca (Oct. 31, 1862) COAHUILA Laredo (Mar. 19, 1864) 0 200 Miles 0 250 Kilometers Palmito Ranch (May 13, 1865) NUEVO LEÓN Image not available for use on CD-ROM. Please refer to the image in the textbook. Corpus Christi (Aug. 16–18, 1862) Gulf of Mexico TAMAULIPAS ▲ Although most of the fighting during the Civil War took place outside of Texas’s borders, nine battles were fought in or near Texas. ● Geographically, what did these battle sites have in common? Why do you think these battles occurred where they did? government started a draft requiring men to serve in the army. This angered many people. Soldiers who had volunteered did not trust those who had not. Those who were drafted did not want to serve at all. Also, the law made unpopular exceptions. For instance, men who owned 20 or more slaves were allowed to stay at home. The draft also threatened cotton production. The state militia was placed under the command of General Paul Octave Hébert (eh•BAIR), commander of the military district of Texas. Hébert angered many Texans by enforcing the draft. He was replaced by General John Bankhead Magruder, who commanded Texas troops for the remainder of the Civil War. draft the enlisting of persons for required service in the armed forces Military Affairs in Texas Many Texans expected Confederate soldiers to replace the federal troops guarding the frontier of West Texas. But Confederate commanders had almost no troops to spare from fighting Union soldiers in the East. In most cases, Texans had to defend the frontier against Native Americans on their own for the first few years of the war. Most of the fighting in Texas centered on Confederate efforts to keep the Gulf Coast ports open. Called the “storehouse of the Confederacy,” Texas provided weapons, food, and horses for the war effort. Although no major battles were fought in Texas, several important events took place on the coast or near the state’s borders. In 1861 John R. Baylor led troops into New Mexico to claim it as a Confederate territory. Then, in early 1862, General H. H. Sibley, with the help of General Tom Green, led another Confederate army into northern New Mexico. They defeated Union soldiers at Valverde but later lost at the Battle of Glorieta. Sibley’s troops could not defeat the Union soldiers, in part because they could not get more supplies so far west. Their defeat returned the New Mexico territory to Union control. Image not available for use on CD-ROM. Please refer to the image in the textbook. The Civil War ✯ 311 11/18/02 9:45 AM Page 312 blockade action to stop transportation of goods or people into or out of an area Page 4 of 5 Another battle occurred at Galveston Island. President Lincoln had ordered a blockade of Southern ports to stop the shipment of supplies. Galveston was one of the most important ports in Texas. Union troops captured the island. They hoped to use it as a base to guard the Gulf of Mexico. Confederate General John B. Magruder launched an attack to retake the island on January 1, 1863. One group of soldiers sailed into Galveston Harbor on cottonclads, or flat-bottom boats lined with stacked cotton bales to protect the soldiers from bullets. They attacked Union ships in the harbor. Other troops crossed the railroad bridge from the mainland. Confederate forces took over Galveston Island and remained in control of it until the end of the Civil War. PLACE The coast of Texas is lined with barrier islands, which are made of sand that builds up just offshore. Bays and lagoons separate the islands from the mainland. When lagoons fill in, the barrier islands may become part of the mainland. Galveston Island is a barrier island. Sabine Pass is a channel where river water flows past a barrier island that is connected to the mainland. ● Why might Union troops have chosen Galveston Island as a base? Other Military Campaigns A significant battle occurred on September 8, 1863, at Sabine Pass, a narrow channel along the Louisiana border. Union general Nathaniel P. Banks planned to move troops by ship through the pass. Then he would march north to cut off Texas’s railroad connection to Louisiana. However, Lieutenant Richard (Dick) Dowling stationed his Confederate unit along the narrow channel. As Banks’s ships steamed into the channel, Confederate troops fired and sank two of them. No other Union ships tried to pass through. Confederates, anxious for good news after losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, hailed the victory. TEXAS VOICES Thus it will be seen we captured, with 47 men, two gunboats, mounting thirteen guns of the heaviest caliber, and about 350 prisoners. All my men behaved like heroes; not a man flinched from his post. Our motto was “victory or death.” Lieutenant Richard Dowling, report of Sabine Pass ▲ 311 Galveston was one of the most important ports in Texas during the Civil War, and both the Union and the Confederacy wanted to control it. ● Why was control of Galveston so important to both sides? General Banks tried again to invade Texas by sending ships and troops up the Mississippi River and then the Red River. He planned to occupy northern Texas. Confederate soldiers from Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, and volunteers from Missouri met the Union forces in Mansfield, Louisiana, 25 miles east of the Texas border. The smaller Confederate force, led by General Richard Taylor, defeated the Union soldiers and forced them to retreat. Texas was safe from invasion. The last land battle of the Civil War was fought on May 12, 1865, at Palmito Ranch in South Texas near Brownsville. The Union blockade of Southern ports had forced Confederate troops to find another route to ship cotton out and bring in supplies. Cotton was transported through Brownsville to the Mexican port of Matamoros. There it was loaded onto foreign ships that were not affected by the blockade. Beginning in November 1863, 311 11/18/02 9:45 AM Page 313 Page 5 of 5 Camp Ford as it looked during the war Camp Ford archeological dig CAMP FORD Located near Tyler, Camp Ford was established in 1862 to train Texas soldiers. By 1863 it was a Confederate prison camp. Camp Ford grew into the largest Confederate prison camp west of the Mississippi. When the prison population increased in 1864, food and shelter were scarce. Some prisoners dug holes in the ground to stay warm in winter. In operation only two years, Camp Ford held almost 6,000 prisoners of war. When the Civil War ended, the remains of Camp Ford were destroyed by Union soldiers, and the land was farmed. Later the site was bought by the Smith County Historical Society. Today, archeologists are trying to determine how Camp Ford looked and operated during the Civil War. ● Why might food and shelter have been scarce in the camp? Union forces occupied Brownsville, trying to enforce the blockade. Confederate forces under the command of John S. “Rip” Ford and Santos Benavides took over the area on July 30, 1864. On May 13, 1865, unaware that General Robert E. Lee had already surrendered, Union forces fought with Confederate troops in a skirmish at Palmito Ranch. Although the Confederates won this battle, they had already lost the war. 2 Terms & Names Organizing Information Identify: • Fort Sumter • Hood’s Texas Brigade • draft • blockade • Battle at Sabine Pass • Battle at Palmito Ranch Use a diagram like the one shown to list three problems mentioned in this section that the Confederate army experienced in Texas. Next to each problem, write the action taken to solve it. ACTIVITY History PROBLEM ACTION Which problem do you think had the greatest impact on the war? Why? Critical Thinking 1. How were federal troops removed from Texas? 2. Why was the Confederate draft important? 3. What happened at the Battle of Sabine Pass, and why was a Confederate victory needed? Interact with History Review your response to Interact with History in your Texas Notebook. What happened to the federal troops stationed in Texas? What measures were taken in Texas to support the Confederacy? The Confederate draft supplied troops for the war, but many Texans opposed it. Create a poster persuading Texans to support the draft. The Civil War ✯ 313