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EG E Exn oF TrrE Crun, Wrn lYoung Af,., the Battle of Antietam, both the North and the South knew the war would continue for a long time. New victories gave the Union hope of winning the war. The Emancipation Proclamation President Lincoln's goal at the start of the Civil War was to keep the United States together. But Lincoln had always thought slavery was wrong. After the Battle of Antietam, he took action to end it. Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation. This paper said that after the date it was issued, fanuary 1, 1863, all slaves in states 212 L)nion soldier that were at war with the Union would be emancipated, or freed. Slaves in the Confederacywere filled with joywhen they learned that Lincoln said they were free. However, the Emancipation Prodamation did not free any slaves. It did not free the slaves in the border states or in Southern territory captured by the Union. Only an amendment to the Constitution could end slavery in those areas. The Proclamation could not free slaves in the Confederate states because Lincoln had no power there. The Emancipation Proclamation did accomplish three important things for the Union. First, it gave Union soldiers two important causes to fight for: freeing the slaves and saving the Union. Second, the Proclamation encouraged African American slaves to escape from their owners and join the Union army. Third, Great Britain and other European nations decided not to aid the Confederary when they heard that the Union was trying to end slavery there. The Contrihutions of lUany Amerieans Thousands of African American slaves joined the Union army soon after the Emancipation proclamation was written, African American soldiers faced special dangers. If captured by Confederate soldiers, African Americans could be sold into slavery or killed. Twenty_two African Americans won the Congressional Medal of Honor for their courage. lived in the South. Loretta Valesquez, a Cuban immigrant, dressed as a man and fought in the Confederare army. Iudah p. Benjamin became the most important Iewish citizen in the Confederacy. He worked in Iefferson Davis,s cabinet. Benjamin was attorney general, secretary of state, and secretary of war at different times during the Civil War, Women played an important role in the Union and in the Confederacy. As men off to fight, women ran farms, ]^/ent businesses, and plantations. Women worked as nurses and ran hospitals. The nation's first woman doctor, Elizabeth Blackwell, organized a group to train About 44O,0OO immigrants fought in the Union army. They came from Ireland, Cermany, Italy, Sweden, poland, and other nations. One of these immigrant soldiers was a Polish man, Wladimir Kryzanowski. He became a general after fighiing at Bull Run, Gettysburg, and in other battls. I ,i I I I I I 1 About 10,000 Hispanic I Americans fought for the Union. Lieutenant Colonel Ios6 Chavez led a company of Union soldiers that captured Confederate land in the Southwest. I I I ,l I I I I I I I I I About 6,000 Iewish Americans also fought for the Union army. One of these i I i soldiers was Colonel Edward Solomon. He led a large group of soldiers from Illinois at the battles of Gettysburg and Atlanta. Fewer immigrants fought for ^ Confederacy because the fewei immigrants 213 : ,l i ii Union nurses. Dorothea Dix, who had helped people with mental illnesses before the war, was in charge of the Union's nurses during the war. Soiourner Truth and Harriet Tubman had once been slaves, but they served as nurses and scouts for the Union army. Another brave woman was Clara Barton. Before the war Barton had been a teacher, but she became a Union nurse during the war. At the Battle of Antietam, Barton worked in a small hospital right on the battlefield. After Antietam she nursed men at other battles. i i The Battle of Gettysburg After the Union victory at Antietam, the Union lost two battles in Virginia. Lincoln appointed Ceneral George C. Meade to command the Union Army that was fighting in the East. Robert E. Lee decided to try once again to attack the North. He hoped that a victory would convince the Union to surrender. So Lee planned to invade Pennsylvania. Lee led 7 5,000 Confederate soldiers and Meade led 90,000 Union soldiers. The rwo armies met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on Iuly 1, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg lasted three terrible days. During the third day, thousands of I I I I I il 'ir Cloro Barton was o nurse durino lhe CivilWar. Afler the wor ended, Borton storted the Americon Red Cross. Confederate soldiers charged across open fields toward the Union forces. Using rifles and cannons, the Union soldiers shot down the Confederate soldiers. The Union won a great victory at Cettysburg. But that victory was expensive. The North lost 23,000 soldiers; the South lost 28,000. To save his defeated army, Lee retreated to Virginia. Lincoln sent a message to General Meade ordering him to attack Lee's army before it crossed the Potomac River into Virginia. Like General McClellan, Meade waited too many days to attack. Lee's army escaped back into Virginia. Lee had lost more soldiers than the South's small population could replace. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the South's army would never be as strong as it had once been. The Confederates would never invade the North again. So many soldiers died at Gettysburg that a military cemetery was built for the Union soldiers who died there. On 214 1 November 19, 1863, president Lincoln dedicated the neu t"r*;'# short speech ,nrl Gettysburg Address. .Tj.tl: War in the West and the Fall of Uickeburg To carry out its Anaconda plan, the Union had to win control of the entire Mississippi River. Then the Confederates would not be able to use the Mississippi to move their soldiers and supplies. The Southern states west of the river would be cut off from the eastern states. The Union controlled part of the Mississippi. Lincoln knew that to control all of the river, Vicksburg, Mississippi, had to be captured. Lincoln ordered General Ulysses S. Crant and his army to capture Vicksburg. What kind of man was Ceneral Grant? Like Robert E. Lee, Grant had studied at West Point and had fought in the Mexican War. When the Civil War began, Grant was working in his father,s business in Illinois. He rejoined the army and became a general. When Grant demanded rhe unconditional surrender of a fort early in the war, the newspapers started calling him Unconditional Surrender Grant. president Lincoln liked Crant because he would fight until he won a battle. i i 'i , i : I The civil war I 861'1865 [:#,':!;';:;:;;::,:;!;:r''''" some of the m,oior bonles during the Civil and otons th" ui"iuippi Ri;:, which wor t*. oreshown - obor"r. ^;i; 215 'l Cettysburg. The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg were turning points in the Civil War. The Confederate army was not ready to surrender, but it had become too weak to win the war. Sharman's March to the Sea Early in 1864 President Lincoln appointed Crant commander of all the Union armies. Crant now commanded U/ysses S. Gront become the first Americon generol since George Woshington to hold lhe ronk of lieutenant generol. From November 1862 to July 1863, Grant fought to capture Vicksburg. By May 1863 Grant's army surrounded the city. But the people of Vicksburg would not surrender. So Grant laid siege to the city. No food, supplies, or people could move in or out of the city. By summer the starving people of Vicksburg were eating dogs and rats in orde; to stay alive. On l:uly 4,1863, the city surrendered to Grant. Next the Union captured Port Hudson, Louisiana. Now they controlled the entire Mississippi River. By controlling the river, the Union had split the Confederacy. -r'..ithout the river the Southern army could not get food from Tixas and Arkansas. The fall of Vicksburg happened one day after the Union won the Battle of 216 more than 500,000 soldiers. His goal was to crush the South to make it impossible for the Confederates to continue fighting. Grant sent General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Sherman led about 100,000 Union soldiers on a march through the South. He started by attacking Atlanta, an important manufacturing and railroad center. Sherman captured the city and set it on fire. Atlanta was completely destroyed. Sherman's actions were called total war. His goal was to destroy everything that the South could use to continue the war. After burning Atlanta, Sherman led his army to Savannah, Georgia, a city near the Atlantic Ocean. Sherman and his soldiers carried out total war as they marched toward the sea. Farm animals, houses, barns, roads, railroads, and bridges were destroyed. Sherman forced the people of Ceorgia to surrender. But he also caused them to hate people from the North. Lincoln'r Faclcction The news of Sherman's victory in Atlanta swept through the North. People in the Union believed the war would soon be over. The victory made Lincoln popular. In 1864 Lincoln was reelected. He iefeated Democrat George McClellan. In ]anuarl 1865 Congress passed an amendment to end slavery in the nation. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in December 1865. Lincoln was inaugurated for his second term as President in March 1865. He knew that the North would soon win the war and that the North and the South would be united again. He did not want Northemers to treat the Confederates as traitors. He felt that they had been punished enough by the terrible war. In his inaugural -speech, Lincoln asked the Union to forgiie the South. He asked the North and the South to work together to rebuild the nation. In his speech he said, ,,With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation,s wounds,...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. " Final Battles of the eiuil Wa, While Lincoln spoke of peace, the war continued. Sherman,s army destroyed everything it could as it marched through South Carolina and North Carolina. Crant fought hard to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. To do this, he kept Lee's army under siege in the nearby town of petersburg for almost a year. During this time, Lee,s army had little food and lost many men. Finally, both Petersburg and Richmond were captured. The Union army completely surrounded Lee's army. Sadly, Lee sent a message to Crant that he was ready to surrender. On April 9, 1865, the two generals met in a house in a town called Appomattox Court House. Lee signed the surrender papers that Grant had prepared. Grant was kind to the Confederates. All Confederate soldiers were allowed to return to their homes. They could keep their horses and mules. Officers were allowed to keep their pistols and swords. Grant sent food to feed Lee's army. Civil Wor ended when General surrendered lo Generol Gront in Appomottox Court House on Apill 9, 1865. Lee was introduced Lee to Grant,s officers, including General Ely S. parker, Crant's army secretary. parker was also a Seneca Indian. Lee said to parker, ,,1 am glad to 217 l ll ,l Lrncoln wos shol rn the bock of the heod os he wotched o pfoy wth hrs wife ot Ford's Theoter tn Woshington, D.C. He wos taken to o room ocross the street where he died the next norntng. John Wilkes Booth wos shot ond killed while Union troops tried to copfure hrm in o born tn Virginto. American here. " Parker answered, "We are all Americans." With the war over, the Confederates were Americans once again. Five days after General Lee surrendered, President Lincoln was assassinated. Iohn Wilkes Booth shot him because Booth was angry that the Confederacy had lost the see one real war. People everywhere mourned for Abraham Lincoln. The Results of the Civil War The United States had survived four terrible years of war. More than 620,000 men died during the Civil War. No otherwar in American history has caused so many 218 American deaths. The Civil War ended slavery in the United States. It settled the question about whether or not states could secede. Never again would states leave the Union. As a result of the Civil War, the federal government became stronger than the state governments. The Civil War destroyed much of the South. It created hatred between people in the North and the South. African Americans were no longer slaves, but they continued to face prejudice from Northerners and Southerners. It would take many years for the nation to recover from the Civil War.