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Af,., the Battle of Antietam, both the
North and the South knew the war would
continue for a long time. New victories
gave the Union hope of winning the war.
The Emancipation Proclamation
President Lincoln's goal at the start of
the Civil War was to keep the United States
together. But Lincoln had always thought
slavery was wrong. After the Battle of
Antietam, he took action to end it. Lincoln
wrote the Emancipation Proclamation.
This paper said that after the date it was
issued, fanuary 1, 1863, all slaves in states
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L)nion soldier
that were at war with the Union would be
emancipated, or freed. Slaves in the
Confederacywere filled with joywhen they
learned that Lincoln said they were free.
However, the Emancipation Prodamation
did not free any slaves. It did not free the
slaves in the border states or in Southern
territory captured by the Union. Only an
amendment to the Constitution could end
slavery in those areas. The Proclamation
could not free slaves in the Confederate
states because Lincoln had no power there.
The Emancipation Proclamation did
accomplish three important things for the
Union. First, it gave Union soldiers two
important causes to fight for:
freeing
the slaves and saving the Union.
Second, the
Proclamation encouraged African
American
slaves to escape from their
owners and join
the Union army. Third, Great Britain
and
other European nations decided
not to aid
the Confederary when they heard
that the
Union was trying to end slavery
there.
The Contrihutions of lUany
Amerieans
Thousands of African American
slaves
joined the Union army soon
after the
Emancipation proclamation was
written,
African American soldiers faced
special
dangers. If captured by Confederate
soldiers,
African Americans could be sold
into slavery
or killed. Twenty_two African Americans
won the Congressional Medal
of Honor for
their courage.
lived
in the South. Loretta
Valesquez, a
Cuban immigrant, dressed as a
man and
fought in the Confederare army.
Iudah p. Benjamin became the most
important Iewish citizen in the
Confederacy.
He worked in Iefferson Davis,s cabinet.
Benjamin was attorney general,
secretary of
state, and secretary of war at different
times
during the Civil War,
Women played an important role in
the Union and in the Confederacy.
As men
off
to fight, women ran farms,
]^/ent
businesses, and plantations. Women
worked as nurses and ran hospitals.
The
nation's first woman doctor, Elizabeth
Blackwell, organized a group to
train
About 44O,0OO immigrants fought
in
the Union army. They came from
Ireland,
Cermany, Italy, Sweden, poland,
and other
nations. One of these immigrant
soldiers
was a Polish man, Wladimir
Kryzanowski.
He became a general after fighiing
at Bull
Run, Gettysburg, and in other battls.
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About 10,000 Hispanic
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Americans
fought for the Union. Lieutenant
Colonel
Ios6 Chavez led a company of Union
soldiers that captured Confederate
land in
the Southwest.
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About 6,000 Iewish Americans also
fought for the Union army. One
of these
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soldiers was Colonel Edward Solomon.
He
led a large group of soldiers from
Illinois at
the battles of Gettysburg and
Atlanta.
Fewer immigrants fought for
^
Confederacy because
the
fewei immigrants
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Union nurses. Dorothea Dix, who had
helped people with mental illnesses before
the war, was in charge of the Union's
nurses during the war. Soiourner Truth and
Harriet Tubman had once been slaves, but
they served as nurses and scouts for the
Union army.
Another brave woman was Clara
Barton. Before the war Barton had been a
teacher, but she became a Union nurse during
the war. At the Battle of Antietam, Barton
worked in a small hospital right on the
battlefield. After Antietam she nursed men
at other battles.
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The Battle of Gettysburg
After the Union victory at Antietam, the
Union lost two battles in Virginia. Lincoln
appointed Ceneral George C. Meade to
command the Union Army that was fighting
in the East.
Robert E. Lee decided to try once again
to attack the North. He hoped that a victory
would convince the Union to surrender. So
Lee planned to invade Pennsylvania. Lee
led 7 5,000 Confederate soldiers and
Meade led 90,000 Union soldiers. The rwo
armies met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on
Iuly 1, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg lasted
three terrible days.
During the third day, thousands of
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Cloro Barton was o nurse durino lhe
CivilWar. Afler the wor ended, Borton storted
the Americon Red Cross.
Confederate soldiers charged across open
fields toward the Union forces. Using rifles
and cannons, the Union soldiers shot
down the Confederate soldiers. The Union
won a great victory at Cettysburg. But that
victory was expensive. The North lost
23,000 soldiers; the South lost 28,000.
To save his defeated army, Lee retreated
to Virginia. Lincoln sent a message to
General Meade ordering him to attack Lee's
army before it crossed the Potomac River
into Virginia. Like General McClellan,
Meade waited too many days to attack.
Lee's army escaped back into Virginia.
Lee had lost more soldiers than the
South's small population could replace.
After the Battle of Gettysburg, the South's
army would never be as strong as it had
once been. The Confederates would never
invade the North again.
So many soldiers died at Gettysburg
that a military cemetery was built for the
Union soldiers who died there. On
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November 19, 1863, president
Lincoln
dedicated the neu t"r*;'#
short speech ,nrl
Gettysburg Address.
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War in the West and the Fall
of Uickeburg
To carry out its Anaconda plan,
the
Union had to win control of the
entire
Mississippi River. Then the Confederates
would not be able to use the Mississippi
to
move their soldiers and supplies.
The
Southern states west of the river
would be
cut off from the eastern states. The
Union
controlled part of the Mississippi.
Lincoln
knew that to control all of the river,
Vicksburg, Mississippi, had to be
captured.
Lincoln ordered General Ulysses S.
Crant
and his army to capture Vicksburg.
What kind of man was Ceneral Grant?
Like Robert E. Lee, Grant had studied
at
West Point and had fought in the
Mexican
War. When the Civil War began,
Grant was
working in his father,s business in
Illinois.
He rejoined the army and became
a general.
When Grant demanded rhe unconditional
surrender of a fort early in the war,
the
newspapers started calling him
Unconditional
Surrender Grant. president Lincoln
liked
Crant because he would fight until
he won
a battle.
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some of the m,oior bonles during
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Cettysburg. The Union victories at Gettysburg
and Vicksburg were turning points in the
Civil War. The Confederate army was not
ready to surrender, but it had become too
weak to win the war.
Sharman's March to the Sea
Early in 1864 President Lincoln
appointed Crant commander of all the
Union armies. Crant now commanded
U/ysses S. Gront become the first
Americon generol since George Woshington
to hold lhe ronk of lieutenant generol.
From November 1862 to July 1863,
Grant fought to capture Vicksburg. By May
1863 Grant's army surrounded the city. But
the people of Vicksburg would not surrender.
So Grant laid siege to the city. No food,
supplies, or people could move in or out
of the city. By summer the starving people
of Vicksburg were eating dogs and rats in
orde; to stay alive. On l:uly 4,1863, the city
surrendered to Grant.
Next the Union captured Port Hudson,
Louisiana. Now they controlled the entire
Mississippi River. By controlling the river,
the Union had split the Confederacy.
-r'..ithout
the river the Southern army could
not get food from Tixas and Arkansas.
The fall of Vicksburg happened one
day after the Union won the Battle of
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more than 500,000 soldiers. His goal was
to crush the South to make it impossible for
the Confederates to continue fighting.
Grant sent General William Tecumseh
Sherman to capture the city of Atlanta,
Georgia. Sherman led about 100,000
Union soldiers on a march through the
South. He started by attacking Atlanta, an
important manufacturing and railroad center. Sherman captured the city and set it on
fire. Atlanta was completely destroyed.
Sherman's actions were called total war.
His goal was to destroy everything that the
South could use to continue the war.
After burning Atlanta, Sherman led his
army to Savannah, Georgia, a city near the
Atlantic Ocean. Sherman and his soldiers
carried out total war as they marched
toward the sea. Farm animals, houses,
barns, roads, railroads, and bridges were
destroyed. Sherman forced the people of
Ceorgia to surrender. But he also caused
them to hate people from the North.
Lincoln'r Faclcction
The news of Sherman's victory in
Atlanta swept through the North. People
in the Union believed the war would soon
be over. The victory made Lincoln
popular.
In 1864 Lincoln was reelected. He iefeated
Democrat George McClellan.
In ]anuarl 1865 Congress passed an
amendment to end slavery in the
nation.
The Thirteenth Amendment was
ratified in
December 1865.
Lincoln was inaugurated for his second
term as President in March 1865.
He knew
that the North would soon win the war
and that the North and the South
would be
united again. He did not want Northemers
to treat the Confederates as traitors. He felt
that they had been punished enough
by the
terrible war. In his inaugural -speech,
Lincoln asked the Union to forgiie the
South. He asked the North and the
South
to work together to rebuild the nation. In
his speech he said, ,,With malice toward
none, with charity for all, with firmness
in
the right as God gives us to see the right,
let
us strive on to finish the work we are
in, to
bind up the nation,s wounds,...to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just and
lasting peace among ourselves and with
all
nations. "
Final Battles of the eiuil Wa,
While Lincoln spoke of peace, the war
continued. Sherman,s army destroyed
everything it could as it marched through
South Carolina and North Carolina.
Crant fought hard to capture the
Confederate capital at Richmond. To do
this, he kept Lee's army under siege in the
nearby town of petersburg for almost
a
year. During this time, Lee,s army had
little
food and lost many men. Finally, both
Petersburg and Richmond were captured.
The Union army completely surrounded
Lee's army. Sadly, Lee sent a message
to
Crant that he was ready to surrender.
On April 9, 1865, the two generals met
in a house in a town called Appomattox
Court House. Lee signed the surrender
papers that Grant had prepared. Grant
was
kind to the Confederates. All Confederate
soldiers were allowed to return to their
homes. They could keep their horses and
mules. Officers were allowed to keep their
pistols and swords. Grant sent food to
feed
Lee's army.
Civil Wor ended when General
surrendered lo Generol Gront in
Appomottox
Court House on Apill 9, 1865.
Lee was introduced
Lee
to Grant,s officers,
including General Ely S. parker, Crant's
army secretary. parker was also a Seneca
Indian. Lee said to parker, ,,1 am glad to
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Lrncoln wos shol rn the bock of the heod os he wotched o pfoy wth hrs wife ot Ford's Theoter
tn Woshington, D.C. He wos taken to o room ocross the street where he died the next norntng. John
Wilkes Booth wos shot ond killed while Union troops tried to copfure hrm in o born tn Virginto.
American here. " Parker answered,
"We are all Americans." With the war over,
the Confederates were Americans once again.
Five days after General Lee surrendered,
President Lincoln was assassinated. Iohn
Wilkes Booth shot him because Booth was
angry that the Confederacy had lost the
see one real
war. People everywhere mourned for
Abraham Lincoln.
The Results of the Civil War
The United States had survived four
terrible years of war. More than 620,000
men died during the Civil War. No otherwar
in American history has caused so many
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American deaths. The Civil War ended
slavery in the United States. It settled the
question about whether or not states could
secede. Never again would states leave
the Union. As a result of the Civil War, the
federal government became stronger than
the state governments.
The Civil War destroyed much of the
South. It created hatred between people in
the North and the South. African
Americans were no longer slaves, but they
continued to face prejudice from
Northerners and Southerners. It would
take many years for the nation to recover
from the Civil War.