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Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the structure of body
parts (also called Morphology)
• Physiology – the function of the body
parts, what they do and how they do
it
Characteristics of Life
1. Movement - self initiated change in position, motion
of internal parts
2. Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense
changes within, or around the organism and react to
them
3. Growth - increase in body size
4. Reproduction - Parents produce offspring /
producing new individuals
5. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to
release energy from food substances, and getting rid
of wastes
6. Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down)
food substances, and getting rid of wast
7. Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food
substances) through membranes and into body fluids
8. Circulation - Movement of substances throughout
the body
9. Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into
chemically different substances
10. Excretion - Removal of wastes
Additional Characteristics
• Metabolism = all the physical
and chemical changes
• Bodily needs = food, oxygen,
water, heat
• Homeostasis = tendency of
the body to maintain a stable,
balanced, internal
environment. “Sameness”
Levels of Organization
Organization
Axial skeleton - head, neck, trunk
Appendicular skeleton - arms & legs
Organization
• Several body cavities
• Layers of membranes within cavities
• Variety of organs and organ systems
within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs.
"Visceral organs")
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
 Dorsal body cavity - cranial cavity enclosed by the skull and contains the brain
 spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal
cord.
 Ventral body cavity
 thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the
lungs and heart.
 abdominopelvic cavity ….
Abdominal cavity
 Abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and
contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas
 Pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder,
anus and reproductive system.
Membranes
• Serous Membrane - two layered, covers
organs
o Outer layer = parietal
o Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs)
• Serous fluid – lubricating fluid
Membranes
•Pleura = lungs
•Pericardium = heart
•Peritoneum = organs (abdominopelvic region)
Visceral Pleura / Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pericardium / Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Peritoneum / Parietal Peritoneum
Directional terms
Anterior: In front of, front
Posterior: After, behind,
following, toward the rear
Directional terms
Distal: Away from, farther from the origin
Proximal: Near, closer to the origin
Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the
back
Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly
Superior: Above, over
Inferior: Below, under
Directional terms
Lateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-line
Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from
the side
Superior: Toward or on the surface
Deep: Away from the surface
Planes of the body
Planes of the body
 Frontal or coronal: Divides the body into front
(anterior) and back (posterior)
 Sagittal or median: Divides the body
lengthwise into right and left sections
 Transverse or horizontal: Divides the body
horizontally into top and bottom sections
Body Regions
Abdominal – area
overlying the abdominal
cavity.
Acromial – the point of
the shoulder.
Antebrachial – forearm
Axillary – armpit
Brachial – upper arm
Buccal – cheek
Carpal – wrist
Cephalic – head
Body Regions
Cervical – neck
Coxal – hips
Crural – leg
Cubital - elbow
Digital – finger
Femoral – thigh
Frontal – forehead
Gluteal – buttocks
Inguinal – groin
Body Regions
Lumbar – the region of
the lower back between
the ribs and the pelvis
Mammary - breast
Mental – chin
Nasal – nose
Occipital – the lower
posterior region of te
head.
Oral – mouth
Body Regions
Orbital - eye cavity
Otic – ear
Palmar – palm of the
hand
Patellar – knee
Pectoral – chest
Pedal – foot
Pelvic – pelvis
Perineal – the region
between the anus and
the external reproductive
organs
Body Regions
Plantar – sole of the foot
Sacral – posterior region
between the hipbones
Sternal – middle of the
thorax, anteriorly.
Tarsal – instep of the foot
Umbilical – navel
Vertebral – spinal
column