Download Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: ____________________________ of Body Parts. __________________________
Physiology: ___________________________ of body parts. What they do and how they do it.
*A & P are very closely related - ________________________________________________________
Characteristics of Life










Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts
Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to
them
_____________________ - increase in body size
Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals
___________________________ - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food
substances, and getting rid of wastes
Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes
______________________________ - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body
______________________________ - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different
substances
Excretion - Removal of wastes
METABOLISM:: All _________________________ and ____________________________ changes
occurring in an organism
Bodily Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, ___________________________ - all must be regulated
HOMEOSTASIS: Tendency of the body to ______________________________ a
_________________________, balanced ____________________________________. Accomplished
through self regulating adjustments
Levels of Organization (from simplest to most complex)
Atoms --> Molecules --> _____________________________ -->
Organelles --> Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems -->
Organism
*A group (mass) of cells working together to carry out certain common
____________________ form a tissue
*A group of tissues working together to carry out certain common
functions form an ___________________
*A group of organs working together form an _____________________
General Organization of the Body:
Axial Portion - _____________________________________________
Appendicular Portion - _______________________________________
1. Several body cavities
2. Layers of membranes within cavities
3. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (___________ = internal organs. "Visceral organs")
Body Cavities (see p.9)
A. _______________Cavity --- (Cranial Cavity – Brain), (Spinal Cavity - Spinal Cord)
B. Ventral Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity - right and left compartment separated by ______________________________.
 Heart , lungs, esophagus, trachea
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
---____________________________ cavity –
 stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine
---__________________ cavity –
 part of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
*Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity separated by ____________________________
– Organs surrounded by “____________________” membrane
– Outer layer of each membrane called _________________________ layer
•
Forms lining against wall of each cavity
– Inner layer of each membrane called the _____________________ layer
•
Forms lining against the organs
Membranes:
1. _______________________ (or pleural membrane) - surrounds the _______________________
--outer layer = parietal pleura
--inner layer = visceral pleura
2. ________________________ (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the _______________________
--outer layer = parietal pericardium
--inner layer = visceral pericardium
3. ________________________ (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds all the ____________________
within the abdominopelvic cavity
--outer layer = parietal peritoneum
--inner layer = visceral peritoneum
*Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called ________________________
ORGAN SYSTEMS
1.
Body covering. Skin,hair,nails,sweat glands.
Function: protect underlying tissues and regulate body temperature
2.
Bones, ligaments, cartilage
Function: Support, movement, protection, and production of blood cells
3.
Muscles of the body
Function: Movement, maintenance of posture, production of body heat
4.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves through the body
Function: Communication throughout body, mental activities, maintaining homeostasis
5.
Ductless glands = pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes,
thymus, pineal glands
Function: Secretion of hormones, communication between body parts
6.
Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall
bladder, and many glands including the pancreas
Function: Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed
(digestion).
7.
Heart, blood vessels, blood.
Function: Transports materials throughout the body.
*Lymphatic system usually included with the circulatory system
8.
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Function: Removes ("filters") wastes from the blood and helps maintain the body's
water and electrolyte balance
9.
Reproductive organs, primarily the ovaries (females) and testes (males)
Function: Produce special reproductive cells for reproduction
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position = standing _____________________, face forward, arms at side, palms facing
_______________________________
Superior – any body part above another or _____________________ to the _____________________
Inferior – any body part that is _________________ another or is towards the ____________________
Anterior – means toward the _________________ (____________________).
Posterior – opposite of anterior; towards the ___________________________
Medial – imaginary ____________________________ dividing the body into __________________ right
and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part.
Lateral – toward the ______________ with respect to the imaginary ______________________
Proximal – any body part __________________ to a point of _______________ than another body part.
Distal – opposite of proximal; _______________ from a point of _________________ than another body
part.
Superficial – situated near the ____________________________.
Deep – describes parts that are more _____________________________.
BODY SECTIONS
Sagittal – lengthwise cut that divides the body into ________________ and __________________
portions. If near midline, called ______________________.
Transverse – refers to cut that divides the body into ________________ and ___________________
portions.
Coronal – Refers to a section that divides the body into ______________________ and
__________________________ portions.
Chapter 1
Body Cavities
Label the following using your textbook as a guide.
Homeostasis Virtual Lab
http://alturl.com/z3xei
In this activity, it's up to you, not the body, to maintain homeostasis in a virtual person. Monitor the
displays and use the controls to keep the indicators centered. But don't become complacent when you
achieve a balance! Our subject will randomly change states—from standing to running to resting—and
throw off your settings!
After you try to balance the virtual person’s various rates, click on each tab to answer the following
questions.
Heart Rate:
1. What is the heart rate controlled by? _______________________________________________
2. What things can change the rate of what controls the heart rate?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Respiration:
1. The rate you breathe is controlled by what? __________________________________________
2. What detects the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in you blood? _______________________
Blood Pressure:
1. What is blood pressure? __________________________________________________________
2. What are some major factors that determine your blood pressure? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Perspiration:
1. What does the water in your blood do in regards to perspiration?__________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. During strenuous activity, your body can release as much as ____________ liters of sweat every
hour.
Blood Sugar:
1. What organs secrete hormones to help keep your sugar in balance? _______________
2. What two hormones are secreted by this organ? ________________________________
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter One Review Guide
1. Define ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
2. List and describe the characteristics of life
3. Write down the levels of organization, from simplest to most complex
4. Describe the body cavities, what organs are found in each and be able to identify them on a
diagram.
5. Describe the membranes and their locations (parietal vs visceral)
6. Describe the organ systems, their functions, and organs found in each (See concept map)
7. Describe the ANATOMICAL POSITION
8. Describe in VERY short terms the relative positions
9. Understand the body sections (slices) used to observe internal structures, be able to label them on
a diagram (sagittal, transverse, coronal)
GREAT INTERACTIVE STUDY LINKS
Organ Systems
http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/systems.html
Body Systems
http://www.biologycorner.com/flashquiz/bodysystems.swf
Body Cavities
http://www.biologycorner.com/flashquiz/bodycavities.swf