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LANGUAGE ARTS abbreviation-form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission; a letter or letter, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part abstract noun-noun that cannot be perceived by one of the senses, e.g. love, hate, war, etc. accent-emphasis on a particular syllable within a word acronym-abbreviation formed by (usually initial) letters taken from a word or series of words, and which is itself pronounced as a word action-what happens in story to advance the plot adjective-modifies a noun or a pronoun; word used to describe a noun or pronoun; also articles (a, an, the) adverb-part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb; answers questions about or tells more about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; answers questions where, when, to what extent affix-an addition to a base word of either a prefix or suffix alliteration-repetition of an initial sound in two or more words of a phrase or line of poetry allusion-indirect reference to another literary work; reference to a person, place, event, etc. in history to compare or enhance imagery for the reader alphabetize-arrange in ABC order by the first letter of words analogy-similarity between things that are dissimilar antagonist-the main character who causes the conflict for the protagonist; person in the story who opposes or competes with protagonist antecedent-word, phrase, or clause in a sentence that is referred to by a pronoun anthology-collection of poems, songs, stories, or excerpt antonym-word with opposite meaning to another, though not necessarily in all its senses; an opposite apostrophe-punctuation mark used to mark omissions, form the possessive, and, in special cases, assists in forming plurals appositive-noun that follows a noun in a sentence, renaming the first noun, usually set off by commas; helps to clarify the noun or pronoun article-set of words (a, an, the) used only next a noun -- acting as an adjective in the sentence audience-whom you are writing for autobiography-author gives an account of his/her own life base word-the simplest form of a word bibliography-reference list that normally appears at the end of a paper, identifying all sources or resource material referenced by the writer biography-true account of someone's life, written by someone else; often based on research blend-letters that blend together, e.g. thr, str, sch brainstorm-ideas in no particular order--used to get warmed up for writing character-a person in a piece of writing; story participant character development-how a character develops through a story or film characterization-all the descriptions of the characters--dress, walk, speech, work, physical appearance, etc. clause-subject + verb that expresses a complete thought cliché-overused expression that has lost its freshness, force, and appeal climax-point of highest activity in a story; culmination; the turning point in the story clipped word-short, familiar form of a longer word, e.g. bio is short for biography closed syllable-syllable that ends with a consonant sound comma-punctuation mark used to separate elements in a sentence, items in a series, or to separate two independent clauses comma splice-use of commas rather than end punctuation to separate sentences comparison-stating how two or more things are alike or different (also called comparison/contrast) compound-sentence that has two or more independent clauses, joined by a conjunction and/or punctuation comprehension-understanding or knowledge gained; understanding meaning or importance of something conclusion-last part of paper--it needs to be there conclusion-logical judgment based on evidence; often presented at the end of a paragraph or essay concrete noun-noun that can be perceived by one or more of the senses conflict-disagreement or opposition within a story; struggle between opposing forces central to the plot; the problems the characters face--man v man, man v himself, man v society, man v nature conjugate-to assign a number and a person to an infinitive conjunction-joins words or a group of words within a sentence; words such as and, or, and but that connects related words or groups of words; word used to connect like parts of a sentence together connotation-thoughts, feelings, and images associated with a word consonant-a letter of the alphabet that is not a vowel content word-fixed-form or idea about someone or something; subject specific word context clues-parts of a sentence around a specified word that help determine meaning declarative sentence-makes a statement and ends with a period; declares a fact define-state the meaning of a word denotation-direct, dictionary meaning of a word diagnostic test-exam used to determine what a person knows before being taught the precept or idea dialogue-the speaking the characters do dictionary-list of words with their definitions digraph-pair of consonants together forming a new sound, e.g. ch, the, wh, sh diphthong-two vowels together forming a new sound, e.g. ai, oy, oi direct object-noun or pronoun that completes the action of a transitive action verb drafting-writing--any number of drafts may be needed before your final product (E1) dramatic irony-when the reader knows more about a character or situation than the character(s) do drama-written to be performed draw a conclusion-based on what you read, what can you conclude edit-fix errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc; make corrections or changes to a piece of writing essay-short story that includes three or more paragraphs, with a thesis sentence in the opening paragraph and closing or summary in the last paragraph essential phrase-phrase that cannot be removed from sentence without changing meaning of sentence, e.g. the war of 1812 was bloody etymology-explanation for the origin and history of a word exclamation mark-punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or at the end of a sentence to indicate strong feeling, and like the period, marks the end of sentence exclamatory sentence-expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point; type of sentence that shows a great deal of emotion or excitement experience story-a story written based on an experience exposition-all the background information that helps to open the story--setting, characterization, etc. external conflict-struggle between a character and an outside force—nature, society, another character fact-real/true; can be proven falling action-suspense decreases, questions are answered fiction-a story that has imaginary elements; imaginative prose writing, may or may not be based on actual events figurative language-speech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning; speech or writing employing figures of speech fluency-speaking, reading, or writing without pauses or gaps foil-character in the story who has similar experiences to the protagonist, but handles challenges differently, usually used to point out flaws of the protagonist foreshadowing-hints in the story of what is to come in the plot fragment-incomplete sentence; phrase or clause that's punctuated and capitalized as a sentence but doesn't constitute a complete grammatical sentence; usually caused by failure to include a subject and verb in sentence genre-distinct types into which literary work can be grouped--non-fiction, science fiction, biography, autobiography, etc. gerund-"ing" form of a verb used as a noun, e.g. fishing is fun glossary-appears at the end of a book to cover terms which are either newly-introduced or relatively rare, so the reader may easily get the linking knowledge to book; words and their definitions at the back of a book grammar-study of rules governing the use of language helping verb-verb that combines with a main verb to form a verb phrase higher-level thinking-moving beyond the literal comprehension into inferential or interpretive comprehension historical fiction-imaginary story including historical facts homographs-words that are spelled the same but have different pronunciations and meaning homonym-word that sounds or is spelled the same as another word but has a different meaning homophones-words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings hyperbole-obvious exaggeration used to add humor to a story iamb-a poetic foot that has an unstressed syllable, followed by a stressed syllable idea development-presenting and idea and developing it--not just listing idiom-expression that means something different than what it literally says, usually culturally based imagery-descriptive words/phrases writers use to re-create sensory experiences; appeals to the five senses; the sensory details the writer provides the reader imperative sentence-type of sentence that makes a request or gives a command; ends with period or exclamation point indefinite pronoun-pronoun that may or may not have an antecedent in the sentence Independent Reading Level-level at which one can work independently index-detailed list, usually alphabetical, of the specific information in a book publication or multimedia collection, designed to help the reader find information quickly and easily indirect object-noun or pronoun between the verb and direct object that receives the direct object inferential comprehension-based on the knowledge you've learned, what you can "infer" will happen infinitive-unconjugated form of a verb, e.g. to sing, to dance, etc. infinitive phrase-"to" + verb used as a subject, predicate nominative, etc., e.g. to fish is to live Instructional Level-level at which instruction is needed interjection-part of speech that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone; word that expresses strong feeling or emotion internal conflict-character struggles with forces within him/her (conscience); struggle within one's self interpretive comprehension-based on your acquired knowledge, what you can now interpret as the meaning interrogative-word or sentence that asks a question, e.g. where? When? How? etc. introduction-opening or beginning of a paper irony-something that is different from what is expected--can be spoken, action, plot changes, etc. journal-daily or regular writing in a notebook; reflection legend-traditional story passed down orally through generations, and believed to have a historical basis (usually exaggerated) legible-able to be read linking verb-connects the subject of a sentence with a work that identifies or describes the subject literacy-ability to read and write literal comprehension-the information is "literally" included in the passage literary-having to do with books or writing metaphor-comparison that treats compared items as though they are the same, e.g. "eyes are the window to the soul" or "our country is…the first and greatest parent;" expression showing that two things have similar qualities; also called a direct comparison meter-repetition of a rhythmic unit (know as a foot) in a line of poetry mood-the emotional feeling that the author seems to present related to his/her theme myth-traditional story passed down through generations to explain the natural world; usually involves supernatural beings narrative-the telling of the story or plot nominative case-pronouns used in sentences as either the subject or predicate nominative non-essential phrase-phrase that can be removed without changing sentence meaning, e.g. “there he is, standing by the bus stop” non-fiction-written about real people and events and shaped to the writer's purpose; includes autobiography, biography, diaries, newspaper articles, memoirs, etc; basis in truth noun-person, place, thing, or idea and an object within a sentence; noun means name--referred to as subject, object of preposition, direct object, etc., of a sentence novel-a fictional writing of considerable length number-quantity--either singular or plural form of pronouns, nouns, and verbs object of the preposition-the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition in a prepositional phrase objective case-pronouns used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions objective complement-noun or adjective that describes or renames the direct object open syllable-syllable that ends with a vowel sound opinion-a judgment oxymoron-figure of speech where opposite ideas or terms are combined paragraph-three or more sentences that are written to explain a complete thought about a topic; a group of sentences about one idea or topic parallelism-repetition of words, phrases, or sentence structures that add emotion to writing paraphrase-to express someone else's ideas in your own words parenthesis-punctuation used to set off a particular idea; can be both or either of the curved-bracket punctuation marks participial phrase-participle used as adjective, e.g. his fishing guide is knowledgeable (fishing = adjective modifying guide) pattern-a similarity among words peer editing-having a peer read your writing to proofread or give feedback pentameter-five feet in the meter or line of poetry period-punctuation mark commonly placed at the end of several different types of sentences, consisting of a small dot placed at the end of a line of text; ends a statement or command person-1st person=speaker; 2nd person=person spoken to; 3rd person=person spoken about; used in verb conjugations with pronouns personification-part of speech where things, ideas, or qualities are represented as people phonetic-representing the sounds of speech with a set of distinct symbols for each sound plagiarism-taking credit for something that is not yours plot-general plan or sequence of events; the action or events of the story; the arrangement of incidents in a play or other literature; the theme of writing poetry-compact writing that may contain a rhyme scheme, may be written in stanzas, or may be written in free verse, meaning its rhythm is simply derived by the word arrangement on the page point of view-angle from which story is told: 1st person (me, my, our); 3rd person "fly on the wall" only knows words/actions of characters (you, them, they), 3rd person omniscient (you, them, they) possessive-used in reference to pronouns showing ownership--my, your, his, her, our, their, etc. predicate-part of the sentence that says something about the subject or shows action; gives information about the subject or tells what the subject does; it always contains a verb predicate adjective-adjective that is connected to the subject by a linking verb predicate nominative-noun located on the right side of a linking verb, renaming the subject prefix-word part that cannot stand alone and that is added to the beginning of a base word or a root to form a word; an affix placed at the beginning of a base word or another prefix preposition-word that shows position or direction and introduces a prepositional phrase; in accompaniment with a noun, functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence, e.g. through the woods we go; shows a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and the other words in sentence, e.g. in, on, above, for prepositional phrase-group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with an object pre-read-survey the material to be read; review the vocabulary required for the reading prompt-a writing idea--merely to get one started writing pronoun-replaces a noun and thus reduces the awkwardness of repeating the noun over and over; used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns; words that take the place of nouns--may show possession pronunciation-act of pronouncing words proofread-to read in order to find errors and make corrections proper noun-formal name of a person, place, or thing that is capitalized protagonist-main character who faces the conflicts in the story; whom the action centers around question mark-punctuation mark used at the end of a sentence to indicate a question quotation marks-punctuation used to set off direct dialogue spoken by someone, or to identify exact reproduction of a work of art or literature reading rate-rate at which you read a book; varies with your purpose for reading resolution-everything is answered (resolved) and story comes to an end response-a requested opinion about what you have written responsibility-being accountable for one's actions and behavior revision-making changes to a draft rhyme-sounding the same rising action-building or intensifying of suspense and conflict until a turning point (climax) rubric-rules or guidelines to follow run-on sentence-two or more ideas written as one sentence without proper punctuation or conjunction satire-using humor to change people's minds or actions schwa-symbol that indicates a reduced vowel, one that receives the weakest level of stress sentence-group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought sentence fragment-a group of words that does not express a complete thought setting-time, place, and circumstances where something (narrative) takes place short story-shorter than a novel; can be read in one sitting; involves characters, conflict; plot moves quickly sight words-words in the English language that can't be phonetically sounded out; usually common words simile-expression using like or as to show that two things are like each other in a certain way; indirect comparison; comparison using like or as, e.g. "hungry as a bear" or "her eyes were like deep pools of blue" situational irony-reflects the contrast between what you expect to happen and what actually happens soliloquy-on person alone on the stage speaking to the audience--always tells the truth, but from that character's point of view SQRRR/SQ3R-Survey Question Read Recite Review stanza-group of lines of verse forming one of the divisions of a poem Study power^3/Exponential study power-read it write it say it subject-noun or pronoun that performs the action of a verb; person, place, thing, or idea the sentence is about; word in a sentence that defines a person or thing suffix-word part that is added after the base word or root; this ending often changes the tense of word; an affix placed at the end of a base word or another suffix summarize-give an overview summary-giving a concise overview of something support-strengthen; in a piece of writing, one wants support for his/her ideas suspense-excitement or tension that keeps reader involved in the story syllable-word part that can be pronounced as one uninterrupted sound; part of a word symbol-something concrete that stands for something abstract; something that represents something, carries a meaning beyond what it physically is synonym-word or phrase that has a meaning the same as or very close to that of another word or phrase tense-form of the verb that tells when the action or state of being occurs theme-an embedded idea (in a piece of writing); recurring, unifying subject or idea; main idea the author wants the reader to learn from the story thesis-an idea that is supported tone-the feeling the story gives the reader/the "voice" the characters use tragedy-story that deals with a serious topic, has flawed characters, has a protagonist who faces his downfall at the end (fatal flaw), can have a protagonist who deals w/supernatural (ghosts, demons, death, spirits), obstacles, boundaries, prisons, barriers verb/predicate-verb or predicate shows the action, being, or existence of the noun or subject of the sentence verb-part of speech which expresses action, existence, or occurrence within the sentence verisimilitude-when an author's descriptions and imagery seem true to life, even if the events are fictional vowel-a letter of the alphabet that is a, e, i, o, u, sometimes y wordiness-use of more words than necessary or the use of fancy words where simple words will do