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37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation Functions of the Circulatory System – transporting blood, gases, nutrients – collecting waste materials – maintaining body temperature 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body. • Circulatory system includes - heart - blood vessels - blood 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation KEY CONCEPT The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways. NORMAL HUMAN HEART 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • The heart is made up of cardiac muscle. • The heart has four chambers: - 2 atria: right & left atrium (upper collecting chambers) - 2 ventricles: right & left ventricles (lower pumping chambers) left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • The heart is divided into two sides by the septum – Right side = pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs – Left side = pumps oxygenated blood to body • One-way valves separate chambers and prevent backflow of blood. pulmonary valve aortic valve left atrium right atrium mitral valve left ventricle tricuspid right ventricle septum 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation The heart pumps blood through two main pathways. • Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs. • Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway. 1 3 2 4 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation Blood flow through the heart Superior / Inferior Vena Cava (biggest veins) Deoxygenated blood Æ right atrium Æ right ventricle Æ pulmonary artery Æ to the lungs (pick up O2) Æ pulmonary vein Æ left atrium Æ left ventricle Oxygenated blood Æ aorta (biggest artery) Æ to the rest of the body 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation KEY CONCEPT The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body. 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. – blood under great pressure – thicker, more muscular walls endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries. – artery walls become thick and inflexible – plaque blocks blood flow in arteries 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • Veins carry blood back to the heart. – blood under less pressure – thinner walls, larger diameter – valves prevent backflow endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • Varicose veins are enlarged veins that are raised above the skin. • Valves in the veins do not function properly causing blood to remain in the veins. 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells. - thinnest blood vessels - gas exchange take place endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule 37.1 System 30.3 The Circulatory Heart and Circulation • Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls. – systolic pressure: left ventricle contracts – diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes • High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke. 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System KEY CONCEPT Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials. 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. • Whole blood is made up of different materials. – plasma – red blood cells – white blood cells – platelets plasma red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. 1. Plasma – approx. 55% of blood volume – Carries nutrients (amino acids, glucose) and wastes – 90% water – Remainder consists of minerals, proteins, and other compounds – Proteins assist in clotting, maintaining water balance and fighting disease 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System • Protein markers define blood types and Rh factors. – ABO blood group the most common – Rh factor can be negative or positive – blood types must be compatible for transfusions 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System 2) Red blood cells – make up 40-45 % of all blood cells – produced in bone marrow – transport oxygen to cells and carry away carbon dioxide – have no nuclei and contain hemoglobin (binds with O2) 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System 3. White Blood Cells - approx 1% along with platelets of blood volume - body’s main defense against disease - some “eat” pathogens by phagocytosis - some are lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) involved in immune response red blood cell platelet white blood cell 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System 4) Platelets – cell fragments that aid in blood clotting red blood cell platelet white blood cell 37.2 30.5 Blood and The Lymphatic System • Platelets help form clots that control bleeding. platelets fibrin white blood cell red blood cell 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange KEY CONCEPT The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide. 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Functions of the respiratory system – picks up O2 from inhaled air – expels CO2 and water – where gas exchange takes place sinus nose mouth epiglottis trachea lungs 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Structures of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity pharynx larynx esophagus trachea right lung bronchus left lung bronchiole diaphragm heart 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Pathway of Air 1) Nasal Cavity (nose) - mucus warms and moistens air to prevent damage to lungs - cilia filter air and trap particles 2) Pharynx - directs air into respiratory tract and food into digestive tract 3) Larynx (voicebox) - sound is produced when air is forced through vocal cords 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Pathway of Air 4) Trachea (windpipe) - located in the center of chest cavity - tube made of rings of cartilage 5) Bronchi/Bronchioles - trachea branches into left and right bronchus - each bronchus branches off into smaller bronchioles 6) Alveoli - tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles - capillaries surround alveoli for gas exchange (CO2/O2) 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Pathway of Air 7) Lungs - right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes - located inside thoracic (chest) cavity - entire cavity is enclosed by the pleura = double membranes that secrete mucus to reduced friction during breathing Healthy lungs Smoker’s lungs 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli. – oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary – oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells – carbon dioxide diffuses from capillary into alveoli ALVEOLI GAS EXCHANGES capillary alveolus co2 Co2 diffuses into alveolus. o2 capillaries O2 diffuses into blood. 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. • Breathing is regulated by the brain stem. midbrain pons medulla oblongata spinal chord 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Mechanisms of breathing • Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. • diaphragm = a layer muscle tissues beneath the lungs that contract or relax to help in breathing Inhalation Air inhaled. Exhalation Air exhaled. Muscles and rib cage relax. Muscles contract and rib cage expands. Diaphragm flattens and moves downward. Diaphragm relaxes and rises. 37.3 The Respiratory System 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. • Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases. • Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption. – Emphysema destroys alveoli. – Asthma constricts airways. – Cystic fibrosis produces sticky mucus.