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Name_______________________________ Feb. 5, 2009 Lab 4: Taxonomy OBJECTIVES 1. Recognize the relationship between the taxonomic categories 2. Name the five kingdoms of organisms and identify the characteristics which distinguish them from each other 3. Describe taxonomic classification, binomial nomenclature and how scientific names are written 4. Name two kinds of Monera and describe the ecological functions of each. 5. Describe three shapes of bacterial cells and recognize the use of the prefixes: diplo-, strepto- and staphylo6. Identify hyphae, mycelium and sporangia in fungi and the function of each 7. Identify if the organisms found are single celled/multi-celled, autotrophic/heterotropic and eukaryotic/prokaryotic 8. Distinguish the phyla Bryophyta, Pterophyta, Coniferophyta, and Anthrophyta and regcognize examples of each 9. Name the characteristic feature which distinguishes each phyla from another 10. Draw and label the parts of a flower 11. Identify if the organisms found are single celled/multi-celled, autotrophic/heterotropic and eukaryotic/prokaryotic MATERIALS NEEDED Slides of blue green algae Slides of Protists Examples of Fungi Slides of Bacteria (3 types) Pine cones Moss Fern Flower PREPARATION Read Biology a Guide to the Natural World Chapter 20, 21, 22 INTRODUCTION We are surrounded. And not only by the organisms that are familiar to us (e.g. trees, dogs, people) but by billions of bacteria, protists, fungi and insects (especially beetles!). Currently there are approximately 2 billion organism named by scientists (table 1). However, it is estimated that there could be as many as 30 million – 100 million extant species that have not been named yet! Naming and arranging this staggering diversity could be a daunting task. However, through a process known as taxonomic classification, arrangements can be made sensibly by examining organisms for shared characteristics. In this unit, you will learn about the fundamental types of organisms (kingdoms) In addition, you will observe several key features that are shared by similar organisms and you will use this information to study the relatedness of these organisms. 23 Table 1. Estimated abundance of major groups of living organisms. TOTALS MONERA Bacteria Cyanobacteria 3,000 1,700 4,700 PROTISTA 31,000 FUNGI 69,000 PLANTS Bryophyta Pterophyta Coniferophyta Anthophyta ANIMAL Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata 24,000 12,000 550 250,000 286,550 9,000 10,000 18,500 12,000 50,000 6,000 1,250,000 51,000 1,406,500 TOTAL # OF NAMED SPECIES 1,797,750 In order to classify organisms into different categories, biologists use key features that define the group. This sorting is done in a systematic way through the use of a simple procedure known as the Linnaean System. This system is hierarchical, in which organisms are more related to each other as you move down the taxonomic scale. KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES 24 The original system only had seven categories and it has turned out that seven categories are too narrow, so taxonomists have added intermediate categories such as superorder and subfamily. Below is the taxonomic classification for humans. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Placentalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens Note that the species is always two names (binomial nomenclature) and is written in italics (if you are writing it out long hand then you underline the name). ACTIVITY I. Kingdom Monera The Kingdom Monera includes bacteria and cyanobacteria. Bacteria (Fig. 1) occur as sphere shaped cells (cocci), rod-shaped cells (bacilli), or spiral-shaped cells (spirilla). In addition, the cells may occur singly or they may occur in pairs (diplo-), in chains (strepto-), or in clusters (staphlo-). Examine the slide of bacterial types and note these shapes and forms. All bacterial cells have cell walls and lack membrane bound organelles. Staphylococcus Bacilllus Coccus Spirillum Streptococcus Diplococcus Figure 1. Bacterial Diversity Using the information about the shapes and configurations of bacteria, draw and example of “strepto-bacillus” and example of “staphylo-bacillus” 25 The cyanobacteria conduct photosynthesis (i.e., they are autotrophic). Examine a slide of Nostoc. Nostoc Oscillatoria Figure 2. Representative blue green algae What is the function of the blue and green pigments in this organism? ____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Draw and label Nostoc (remember to include magnification). 26 II. Kingdom Protista Slides of Protists are available for study. Examine each under high power. Food vacuole Food vacuole Cilia Nucleus Oral groove Macronucleus Micronucleus Contractile vacuole Contractile vacuole Pseudopodium Amoeba Paramecium Figure 3. Representative protists Can you detect any structures within these cells? (the term for this condition is eukaryotic)? _____________________________________________________________________________________ Draw and label Amoeba (remember to include magnification) 27 III. Kingdom Fungi Fungi include organisms as diverse as bread molds and mushrooms. Fungi are characterized by thread-like cells called hyphae, which absorb nutrients from decaying organic material. A group of these threads forms mycelium mats. The sporangium (mushroom) projects from the mycelium mat. Helvelia Geoglossum Agaricus muscaria Agaricus compestris Lepiota naucina Figure 4.compestris Representative fungi In fungi, most of the organism is below the ground or under the tree bark. The sporangium only appears when sexual reproduction occurs. The “gills” of a mushroom bear spore producing structures. A spore is small, light protected capsule that is capable of producing new individuals. If you place a mushroom on a white sheet of paper, the spores will falloff the gills and make a "spore print" on the paper. gill gill Spore print Figure 5. Spore-production in mushrooms Why would it be beneficial for spores to be dispersed away from the organism that made them? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 28 IV. Kingdom Plantea A. Phylum Bryophyta Mosses are representative of the Phylum Bryophyta. Bryophytes are non-vascular plants. Lacking vascular tissue (roots, stems, and leaves) prevents mosses from growing tall. Additionally, Bryophytes have swimming sperm that must be exposed to moisture. Observe the moss on demonstration. Sphagnum Bryum Figure 6. Representative bryophytes B. Phylum Pterophyta A plant without vascular tissue is usually pressed against the soil so that water and nutrients can be obtained and transported by diffusion and osmosis. In a sense, vascular tissue allows plants to escape from the soil surface. Among the vascular plants, there is considerable variation in the extent to which the plant rises above the surface. Observe the living fern at the demonstration table. Ferns (Phylum Pterophyta) have relatively large leaves ("fronds") which bear spore-producing structures on the under side (sori). Describe the fern: How tall is it? How large are the leaves? How many spore-producing structures does it have? How far above the ground are the spore-producing structures? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Vascular tissue is often very rigid because of certain chemicals that are present in the cell walls. This provides structural support for the plant and allows individuals to rise to great heights (e.g., trees), but the key feature that leads to diversification among the vascular plants involves reproductive structures. C. Phylum Coniferophyta The Phylum Coniferophyta ("cone-bearing" plants) includes gymnosperms such as pines and firs. All of these plants have reproductive organs known as cones; more importantly, they also produce seeds, which are special structures that protect and nourish the embryonic plant. Examine the cones and seeds of typical conifers. 29 How is a seed different from a spore? ____________________________________________________ How do male gametes get to the female gametes in a cone? ___________________________________ D. Phylum Anthrophyta The most diverse group of the Plant Kingdom is the Phylum Anthophyta. These are the flowering plants (sometimes called "angiosperms"). The key characteristic of this group is the flower, the reproductive organ of the plant. It contains the gamete-producing tissues and is often characterized by specializations that enhance gamete transfer (through the wind or by way of animals). Flowering plants also produce seeds, but once a seed is formed in an anthophyte, a fruit is formed around it to enhance seed dispersal. The more familiar members of the Plant Kingdom (e.g., ferns and flowering plants) have vascular tissues to transport water and food throughout the plant body. It is very easy to see vascular tissue in a simple preparation. Look at the cut end of the celery stalk at the demonstration table. Cut off a very thin slice from the stalk and examine this material in a wet mount on the dissecting microscope. Does the red dye completely color the stalk, or is it limited to certain areas? ____________________________________________________________________________ How did the red dye get into these areas of the celery stalk? ____________________________________ Note the different reproductive structures of the plant E. Animal Kingdom We will do a complete separate lab on the Animal Kingdom at the next lab. 30 GLOSSARY: Anthophyta – phylum that includes seed plants that form flowers Autotrophic – able to manufacture organic molecules from inorganic materials Bacilli – rod-shaped bacterial cells Bryophyta – phylum that includes animal with a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits Classification – process of sorting objects into categories for purposes of identification Cocci - spherical bacterial cells Cone – reproductive organ in conifers, consisting of specialized leaves that bear reproductive structures Coniferophyta – phylum that includes seed plants that form cones Eukaryote – cell that has membrane-bound organelles (e.g. nucleus or mitochondria) Flower – reproductive organ of anthophytes, consisting of specialized leaves for protection, pollinator attraction, and gamete production Fungi – Kingdom that includes multicellular eukaryotes that obtain organic molecules by absorption across the body surface Heterotrophic – unable to manufacture organic molecules form inorganic materials; must obtain organic molecules by absorption or ingestion Hypha- elongated, cylindrical cell type found in fungi Kingdom – highest category in the hierarch of biological classification Monera – kingdom that includes all prokaryotic organisms (e.g. bacteria and blue green algae) Multicellular - (condition of an organism composed of several, interdependent cells Mycelium – mass of thread-like hyphae; forms body of a fungus Phylum – taxonomic category that recognizes the major types of animal Prokaryote – cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles, through it does include organelles such as ribosomes Protista – kingdom that includes mostly unicellular eukaryotes Pterophyta – phylum that includes the seedless vascular plants Seed – structure containing embryo and food source for developing plant 31 Species – fundamental unit o biological classification Spirilla – spiral shaped bacterial cells Spore – reproductive cell, capable of producing new individual by itself Sporangium – spore bearing structure found in various fungi Taxonomy – branch of biology dealing with the names of organisms and their classification Vascular tissue – specialized cells that provide structural support and internal transport in certain plants (e.g. tracheophytes) 32