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Structures of the Respiratory System Labell Human Respirato ory Syste em Respiratory System • The Sinuses • sinus = air-filled cavity within a bone that is lined with mucous membranes Chapter 7 • paranasal sinuses • maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid 1 A Adapted from m B BioEd Online e Objectives 4 7 Copyright © Te exas Educatio on Agency, 20 012. All rightss reserved. • Upper respiratory tract • Upon completion of this chapter, the learner will be able to: • The Pharynx • nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea • identify and describe the major structures and functions of the respiratory system • nasopharynx • oropharynx • Lower respiratory tract • recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the respiratory system • laryngopharynx • bronchial tree and lungs 2 Functions of the Respiratory System 5 8 • The Nose • How we swallow • nasal cavity • Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells. • the soft palate moves up and backward to close off the nasopharynx preventing food from going up the nose • nasal septum • Expel waste products (carbon-dioxide and water) that have been reurned to the lungs by the blood. • mucous membrane • Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible. • cilia • mucus • the epiglottis closes over the larynx to prevent food from entering the trachea and lungs • olfactory receptors 3 6 9 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=1YfO11Pry6Y&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcs • The Lungs • each side is broken into lobes • right side has three: superior, middle, and inferior • left side has two: superior and inferior 10 13 16 • The Mediastinum • The Trachea • space between the lungs • The Larynx • The Pleura • the wind pipe • voice box • a multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves • extends into the chest directly in front of the esophagus • thyroid cartilage protects it • contains vocal cords • parietal = outer layer • held open by c-shaped cartilage rings in the neck 11 • visceral = inner layer • pleural space = airtight space between the folds of the pleural membranes 14 17 • The Bronchial Tree Trachea • the trachea divides into two branches • bronchus divides into smaller branches called bronchioles Thyroid cartilage Thyroid Bronchioles • The Alveoli Superior Inferior Superior Middle Inferior • small air sacs on the ends of the bronchioles • very thin walls allow for gas exchange with blood stream • flexible like a balloon 12 Right Lung 15 Left Lung 18 Pathology • The Diaphragm • the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity • Emphysema • progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the remaining number of alveoli • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • contraction and relaxation makes breathing possible • asthma • phrenic nerve = the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm • emphysema • as the alveoli are destroyed, breathing becomes more rapid, shallow and difficult • bronchiectasis • smoker’s respiratory syndrome 19 • chest becomes barrel shaped 22 25 23 26 • Asthma Respiration • episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, wheezing • External respiration • caused by: • the act of breathing in and out • exchange of gases between the blood stream and lungs • swelling and inflammation of the lining of the airways • Internal respiration • production of thick mucus • the exchange of gases between the blood stream and cells • tightening of the muscles that surround the airways 20 • Medical Specialists • otolaryngologist or otorhinolaryngologist • treats disorders of the ears, nose, and throat • pulmonologist • treats disorders of the lungs and associated tissues 21 24 Upper respiratory diseases • allergic rhinitis - allergies • croup • diptheria • epistaxis - nosebleed • influenza • pertussis • rhinorrhea - runny nose • sinusitis • upper respiratory infection 27 • Croup • a respiratory syndrome in children that is characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking • Voice Disorders • aphonia • dysphonia • laryngitis 28 • Pertussis 31 • Trachea and Bronchi • contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by a paroxysmal cough. • Pleural effusion • tracheitis • abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding • tracheorrhagia • bronchitis • Empyema • bronchorrhagia • an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity due to infection • bronchorrhea 29 32 • Pleural Cavity • Pharynx and Larynx • pharyngorrhagia • pleurisy - inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity • pharyngorrhea • pleuralgia • laryngoplegia • pneumothorax - accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse • pharyngitis • laryngospasm 30 34 35 • Hemothorax • an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity • Hemoptysis • spitting of blood or blood-stained sputum from the lungs because of hemorrhage 33 36 • Pulmonary Fibrosis • formation of scar tissue in the lungs • caused by infection, trauma, autoimmune, idiopathic • Cystic Fibrosis • genetic disorder • lungs are clogged by abnormally thick mucus • treatment is antibiotics to control infection and postural drainage • also affects digestive system 37 • Lungs 40 43 41 44 • Pneumonia = infection causing air sacs to fill with pus • acute respiratory distress syndrome = lung failure resulting from many different types of disorders that cause pulmonary edema. • pulmonary edema = an accumulation of fluid in lung tissue • exudate = fluid that accumulates because of infection and spreads into other tissues • pneumorrhagia • can be bacterial, viral, or fungal • atelectasis = collapsed lung; lung can’t expand because of blocked bronchi • can affect all or part of the lung 38 • Tuberculosis • Environmental Occupational Diseases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Twjg7v-pTO4 • pneumoconiosis = abnormal exposure to dust in the lungs • an infectious disease that causes destruction of the lungs or other body parts. • anthracosis = black lung; coal mines • usually does not cause infection in a healthy individual. They become a carrier. Infection occurs with a breakdown in the immune system. • asbestosis • byssinosis = brown lung; processing cotton, flax, or hemp • mutates easily and can become drug resistant • silicosis = grinder’s disease; processing silica and glass 39 42 45 • Breathing Disorders • eupnea = easy or normal breathing • Cheyne-Stokes respirations = alternating periods of rapid breathing followed by apnea • tachypnea = abnormally rapid breathing • Breathing Disorders • eupnea = • Dyspnea = difficulty breathing • bradypnea = abnormally slow breathing • hyperpnea = • apnea = 46 49 52 • Cheyne-Stokes respirations = alternating periods of rapid breathing followed by apnea • Breathing Disorders • eupnea = easy or normal breathing • Breathing Disorders • tachypnea = abnormally rapid breathing • eupnea = easy or normal breathing • tachypnea = • Dyspnea = difficulty breathing • bradypnea = abnormally slow breathing • hyperpnea = abnormal increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements • apnea = the absence of breathing • hyperventilation = 47 50 53 • Cheyne-Stokes respirations = alternating periods of rapid breathing followed by apnea • Breathing Disorders • Cheyne-Stokes respirations = alternating periods of rapid breathing followed by apnea • eupnea = easy or normal breathing • tachypnea = abnormally rapid breathing • Dyspnea = difficulty breathing • hyperpnea = abnormal increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements • Dyspnea = • bradypnea = • hyperventilation = abnormally rapid deep breathing resulting in decreased levels of CO2 at the cellular level 48 51 54 • Lack of Oxygen • cyanosis = a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygenation • airway obstruction = a foreign object blocks the airway • Lack of Oxygen • anoxia = the absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues • airway obstruction = a foreign object blocks the airway • hypoxia = the condition of having subnormal oxygen levels in the cells that is less severe than anoxia • asphyxia = describes the pathological changes that occur due to a lack of oxygen in the air that is breathed in. This results in anoxia and hypoxia • anoxia = • respiratory failure = • asphyxiation = suffocation 55 58 61 • cyanosis = a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygenation • Lack of Oxygen • airway obstruction = a foreign object blocks the airway • anoxia = the absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues • hypoxia = the condition of having subnormal oxygen levels in the cells that is less severe than anoxia • cyanosis = • respiratory failure = a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of CO2 is dangerously high • asphyxia = 56 59 62 • Lack of Oxygen • airway obstruction = a foreign object blocks the airway • SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome • cyanosis = a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygenation • anoxia = the absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues • asphyxia = describes the pathological changes that occur due to a lack of oxygen in the air that is breathed in. This results in anoxia and hypoxia • the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy infant between the ages of two weeks and one year that typically occurs while the infant is sleeping. • hypoxia = • asphyxiation = 57 60 63 • Trachea and Bronchi • spirometry = test that records the volume of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time each breath • http://www.videojug.com/interview/ sids-sudden-infant-death-syndrome • tracheoplasty • tracheostomy • tuberculin skin testing • stoma - an opening on a body surface • chest imaging = x-rays 64 Diagnostic Procedures 67 70 • Lungs, Pleura, and Thorax treatment procedures • pneumonectomy • respiratory rate = the number of respirations per minute • Medications • lobectomy • bronchoconstrictor - an agent that narrows the opening of the passages to the lungs • pulmonary function tests = tests that determine capacity and the ability to move air • thoracentesis • thoracotomy • bronchodilator - an agent that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs (an inhaler for asthma) • phlegm = thick mucus produced by the lungs • sputum = phlegm that is coughed up and spit out. It can be tested for infection 65 • thoracostomy 68 71 69 72 • Nose and Throat • septoplasty • bronchoscopy = the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope • sinusotomy • functional endoscopic sinus surgery • laryngoscopy = visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope • pharyngostomy • endotracheal intubation 66 • Respiratory Therapy • supplemental oxygen • postural drainage • ventilator 73 74 75