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NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ EOCT REVIEW Introduction 1. What does the term biology mean? The Study of Life. 2. List the 8 characteristics of life: a. Cells_________________ b. Response to Stimuli_____ c. Energy______________ d. Evolve______________ e. Grow and Develop______ f. DNA________________ g. Reproduce________________________ h. Homeostasis__________________________ 3. What is homeostasis and why is it important to living things? To maintain balance or equilibrium internally. Important because cells function best in a narrow range of conditions. 4. Rewrite the steps of the scientific method in the correct order: Prediction Conclusion Experiment Observation Hypothesis Observation Prediction Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion Data Collection 5. What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment? Independent variables are manipulated or changed during an experiment while dependent variables are observed and measured during an experiment, they are the experimental data. For example if you are testing a new blood pressure medicine the independent variable is the dosage of the medicine and the dependent variable is the individuals blood pressure. 6. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Qualitative variables are non-numerical qualities such as color or perception like the plant is really tall, and quantitative data is in numerical form such as the plant is 10cm tall. 7. Complete the following chart below with the statements below: Summarizes data in rows/columns Shows order of steps Compares different data (magnitude) Shows how data changes over time Shows how parts relate to the whole Chart/table Summarizes data in rows/columns Bar Graph Compares different data (magnitude) Line Graph Shows how data changes over time Circle graph Shows how parts relate to the whole Flowchart Shows order of steps BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 1 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 8. The following branches of biology study: Biochemistry –processes, chemicals, DNA Botany – plants Genetics - heredity Microbiology – microscopic organisms Paleontology - fossils Cytology – cells Ecology – interactions between living things and environment Taxonomy – classification of living things Content Domain I: Cells 1. What are the three main ideas of the cell theory? a. All Life is made of cells_________ b. Cells are made from cells________ c. Cells are the smallest unit of life._____ 2. List 2 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 3. What molecules make up the cell/plasma membrane? Draw a picture of this molecule. Phospholipids- Fluid mosaic model 4. The cell/plasma membrane is selectively permeable – what does this mean? Only allows certain molecules to cross the membrane 5. Describe the function of the following cell membrane proteins: a. receptor: _Detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response b. channel: protein opening that allows some larger molecules to pass through the membrane______________________________________________ 6. Fill in the following chart of cell organelles: Organelle Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) Ribosomes Mitochondria Function Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes or Both? Eukaryote Contains the DNA (genetic material) instructs all organelles Surrounds the nucleus for protection and Eukaryote allows mRNA to leave the nucleus to go to the ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis, not membrane Both bound. Site where ATP is made for energy, also Eukaryote called the power house of the cell. Cellular respiration-6O2 +C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) Animal cells or Plant cells or Both? Both Both Both Both 2 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Site of photosynthesis in plants. 6CO2 +6H2O + sunlight 6O2 +C6H12O6 Provides transportation within the cell. Provides the cell transportation in and out of the cell by using vesicles. Cell (plasma) Made of phospholipids, allows only membrane certain molecules to cross the barrier between the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell Cell Wall Protects the cell by having a strong barrier from the outside of the cell from the inside. Semi-permeable- only allows certain molecules in or out. Cytoplasm Gel like substance in the cell that surrounds all organelles and nucleus to protect cell from damage. 7. How are active transport and passive transport different? Eukaryote Plants Eukaryote Both Eukaryote Both Eukaryote Both Both Plant, Fungi, and some protists and some bacteria Both Both Active requires ATP to act as an energy source to move molecules across the membrane, and passive does not require ATP to move molecules across the membrane. 8. Define each of the following: Diffusion – The movement of substances from higher concentrations to lower concentrations Facilitated diffusion –The movement of substances across the membrane with the aid of ATP against the gradient (lower concentrations to higher concentrations) Osmosis –The movement of water across a semi=permeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration Endocytosis – The taking in of substances or water by engulfing them in a membrane Exocytosis – The releasing of substances by vesicles BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 3 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 9. Match the pictures below with the correct type of solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic): Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ 10. How are chemical and physical reactions different? Chemical reactions change the chemical composition of a material such as burning and physical reactions only change the substance from one state of matter to the next such as melting ice but the chemical arrangement of its atoms remains the same. 11. In a chemical equation, where are the reactants? Where are the products? (left or right side?) Reactants are on the left of the arrow and are what goes into the equation and products are to the right of the arrow and are what comes out of the equation. 12. Differentiate between endothermic and exothermic reactions. Endothermic takes in energy or requires energy while exothermic reactions release energy normally as heat. 13. What are enzymes? How do they impact the rate of reactions? Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions so they happen quicker than without he enzyme. They do not make reactions occur, but simply speed them up. 14. What is a substrate? The substrate is specific reactant that an enzyme acts upon. 15. A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _Active site________________. 16. Label the diagram below with the terms below: enzyme substrate active site BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 4 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 17. Explain how the following factors that affect enzymes: Very specific range of conditions where enzymes are the most efficient. Three main factors in this range are.... a. pH b. temperature c. Amount of substrate----REMEMBER AN ENZYME CAN NEVER BE USED UP!! 18. Water is a polar molecule – what does that mean? A polar molecule has a greater electrical charge on one part of the molecule than the other while retaining an overall neutral charge. Such molecules include water. 19. Why is water important in biology? All living organisms are mostly comprised of water. Water gives cells structure and transports and transports materials across the cell membrane. 20. How are homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions different? Homogenous solutions are the same consistency throughout, heterogeneous mixtures are not consistent and separate easily (think oil and water) 21. Solutions can range in pH from 0-14. d. What is the pH range of acids? _0-6.0_____________ e. What is the pH range of bases? __8.0-14.0_____________ 22. Fill in the chart for the 4 macromolecules: acromolecule Carbohydrate Lipid Function Provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells Store energy for cells Monomer Monosaccharide Glycerol BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) Example Glucose Fatty acids- fats and oils 5 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Protein Nucleic Acid Building block of all body structures, enzymes Amino Acids Enzymes Give structure to DNA to build new proteins Nucleotides Cytosine, Adenine, thymine, guanine Content Domain II: Organisms 1. What is ATP? What is it used for? Energy molecule used for all activities in the body by cells. It is made by cellular respiration in the mitochondria. 2. How does ATP release energy in the cell? ATP has energy in its bonds, when it breaks its bonds it releases energy for the cell to use. 3. What do cells use energy for in the cell? ALL the characteristics of life; reproduction, grow and develop, evolve, respond to stimuli... 4. Fill in the following chart to compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration: Organelle where it Process What is needed? What is produced? occurs Photosynthesis chloroplast Water, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Glucose and Sunlight Cellular Respiration Cytoplasm/ Mitochondria Oxygen and Glucose Water, Carbon Dioxide, and ATP Write the PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION: 5. Which Kingdoms perform photosynthesis for their energy? Protista (plant-like), cynobacteria (Bacteria Kingdom), and Kingdom Plantae 6. Write the RESPIRATION EQUATION: 6O2 +C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP 7. Which kingdoms perform respiration for their energy? Animalae, Plantae, Protista, Fungi BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 6 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 8. If an organism produces its own food through photosynthesis, it is known as a __ Autotroph ___________ or _____Producer________. 9. If an organism consumes its food and gets energy through respiration, it is known as a _______Heterotroph______ or ____Consumer_________. 10. What is fermentation? Why and how does it occur? Anaerobic Respiration (occurs without Oxygen) to make energy for the cell. Causes Gycolysis to continue producing some ATP. Two kinds of fermentation are alcoholic(yeasts and bacteria) and lactic acid (muscle cells). 11. Briefly describe where and when lactic acid fermentation occurs. When muscle cells run out of oxygen due to heavy strenuous exercise the muscles will start to perform lactic acid fermentation to gain energy. This is not as productive as cellular respiration as it produces less ATP. 12. Define taxonomy. Classification of living organisms. 13. Correctly write the scientific name for humans. Which word is the Genus name? species name? Homo sapiens Homo : Genus sapiens: species List the 7 levels of biological classification in order from largest to smallest. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 14. What is a taxon? A group of organisms that share several derived characteristics that makes them closely related. 15. What criteria are used to place organisms into the different taxa? Most accurate would be DNA evidence of how closely they are related. 16. Why is a system of classification important in Biology? Gives a common language for all scientists to communicate and collaborate. 17. How are evolutionary relationships used in classification? Those organisms that have evolved more traits in common are more closely related and have a more recent common ancestor. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 7 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 18. Explain why the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archeabacteria were split from Kingdom Monera. DNA evidence has shown that there are too many differences to classify them as the same domain. Such differences are the fact that Eubacteria has a cell wall made of petidoglycan and Archeabactreia does not. 19. What is a dichotomous key? A list of opposing characteristics that allows a researcher to identify organisms. 20. Use the dichotomous key to identify the following insects: A. B. C. D. 1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3 2. a. body has a round shape ……….ladybug b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper 3. a. wings point out from the side of the body ……….dragonfly b. wings point to the posterior of the body ……….housefly A._ _Housefly______________ B.___grasshopper_________________ C.______Ladybug____________ D.______dragonfly______________ 21. What is a cladogram? A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms. 22. Use the following cladogram to answer the questions after the diagram. Evolution of Plants Cone- bearing Ferns and Mosses and Flowering plants plants their relatives their relatives Flowers: Seeds enclosed in fruit Seeds Vascular tissue Green Algae ancestor a. Which group is the oldest? ________mosses_________________ b. Which 3 groups have vascular tissue? ferns, cone-bearing plants, flowering plants_________________ c. Which 2 groups have seeds? Cone-bearing plants and flowering plants_________________ d. Which group has flowering plant flowering plants BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 8 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 19. Complete the table below for the 6 Kingdoms: Characteristics Cell Type (prokaryote or eukaryote) # of Cells (singlecelled or multicellular) Cell Nucleus (present or absent) How do get food? (autotroph, heterotroph, or decomposer) Cell Wall (present or absent) Photosynthetic (yes or no) Examples (at least 2) Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Single Single Single Exception: slime mold Multicellular Exception: Yeast Multicellular Multicellular Not Present Not Present Present Present Present Present Heterotrophcan be a chemotroph Heterotroph Exception: cynobacteriaautotroph Decomposersmushrooms and heterotrophs such as yeast ALL ARE AUTOTROPHS !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! Heterotrophs Present Present- made of peptidoglycan One kind Cynobacteria Both: Plant like such as algae are autotrophs, fungi like are decomposers, and animal like are heterotrophs Some can have a cell wall CELL wall made of CELL wall made of NO CELL WALL!!!!!!!!!! NO Methanogens and haleophiles E.coli and MRSA chitin cellulose Plant like can NO ALL NO Algae, slime molds, kelp, plasmodium, euglena, paramecium Mushrooms, molds, yeasts Ferns, trees, flowers, shrubs Corals, sponges, insects, fish, sharks, humans 23. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. What is binary fission? The splitting of one organism to produce an exact replica or clone of the parental organism. Asexual reproduction 24. What do decomposers do for the environment? Decomposers consume dead organisms to return essential nutrients to the environment. 25. Why are viruses considered non-living? Viruses are a cellular (are not made of cells), cannot reproduce on their own, cannot obtain nutrients/ energy without a host. Viruses cannot live on their own without a host organism. 26. Draw a label a picture of a virus. Include the protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA). 27. How are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle different? Both cycles are how viruses replicate in a host cell. The lytic cycle is where the virus takes over the cell's DNA and machinery to make new complete viruses. Once the viral load becomes too high for the host cell to stay intact it ruptures or bursts releasing the new viruses to infect nearby cells. The lysogenic cycle is where the virus incorporates its DNA/RNA into the host cell and then forces the cell to divide rapidly to multiple the viral DNA/RNA. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 9 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 28. Describe how a virus reproduces itself. Through the lysogenic and lytic cycles. Content Domain III: Genetics 1. List the steps of the cell cycle (NOT the steps of mitosis!): G1- Growth stage S- DNA replication G2- Growth stage M- Mitosis 2. What happens during the 3 phases of Interphase? G1 And G2 are stages in which the cell is doing its function S phase is where DNA is replicated for mitosis 3. What happens during Mitosis? The cell divides into two identical cells with the same DNA. 4. What happens during Cytokinesis? The cell physically separates into two cells by dividing all the organelles and cytoplasam. 5. Label the pictures below using the following terms: Interphase Prophase(use 2 times) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase A. B. C. D. E. F. __Prophase____________________ __Telophase____________________ ___Metaphase___________________ ____Interphase__________________ ___Anaphase___________________ _____Prophase_________________ 6. Describe what is happening in the stages of mitosis: Stage Description Prophase__ Chromosomes start to condense in preparation of division, and the nuclear envelope _____ starts to dissolve. The centrioles go to each pole of the cell and form the spindles that will attach to the kenticore of each sister chromotid. Metaphase_ ______ Chromotids start to line up in the center of the cell as the spindles grow longer. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 10 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Anaphase__ ______ The sister chromotids are broken apart as the spindles start to retract towards the poles of the cell. Each side of the cell has the exact same amount of genetic material. Telophase__ ______ After the chromotids have reached the poles, organelles/ cytoplasam start to divide as the cell membrane starts to reform between the newly made cells. The nuclear envelops also starts to reform around the genetic materal. 7. What is the purpose of mitosis? What is the purpose of meiosis? Mitosis- makes two identical cells Meiosis- makes gametes with half the number of genes for sexual reproduction 8. Define haploid and diploid. What is the human haploid #?__23______ Diploid #?___46_____ 9. Compare and contrast sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. a. similarities: make new organisms b. differences: asexual one parent clones itself, and sexual requires the union of two parents gametes to form a unique new organism 10. Is mitosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? Asexual because it makes an exact copy of a cell. 11. Is meiosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? Sexual because it forms gamete cells that will later unite with another organisms gamete cell to create an organism that is unique to either parent. 12. Fill in the chart to compare mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis Body cells or sex cells Body # of divisions 1 # of stages (total) 5 # of cells produced 2 # of chromosomes in cells produced 46 Meiosis Sex 2 10 4 23 13. What is a gamete? Is it haploid or diploid? How are sperm and egg formation different? Haploid- half the total number of chromosomes of the diploid cell (somatic-body cell) Sperm cells (male) are regenerated daily in vas deferens, where as egg cells are created during fetal development of a female and contain the necessary nutrients (endosperm) for the first divisions of a gamete. 14. What is crossing-over? When does it happen? Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between the maternal (mother) and paternal (father) Chromotids to produce a BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 11 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ unique sequence of genes. It occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis I. 15. Where is DNA located in the cell? Where is RNA located in the cell? DNA is located inside of the nucleus, and RNA can be found in the nucleus as well as outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm in the form of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis. 16. DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? Label the nucleotide below: 17. List the 4 DNA bases (full names): a. _Adenine____________________________ b. ___Thymine__________________________ c. ____Guanine_________________________ d. _____Cystosine________________________ 18. Chargaff’s rule tells us that the bases pair ___A___ with T and _ C__ with G. The percent of A's will be equal to the percent of T's, and the percent of C's will be equal to the percent of G's within a DNA sequence. 19. If one side of the DNA molecule reads ATGCCGT, the other side would read ___TACGGCA___________. 20. Describe and draw the shape of a DNA molecule. Double stranded, double helix 21. _____Watson___________ and ____Crick___________ built a model of DNA based on others’ research. 22. What is made during DNA replication? Where does it happen in the cell? DNA replication is where all of a cell's DNA is copied to make a new cell during mitosis. This occurs in the nucleus. 23. Describe how DNA is replicated (steps). Enzymes un zip the double stranded DNA. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 12 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Proteins latch to the strand and make a new complimentary DNA strand. DNA replication is considered to be semi-conservative, because each new cell contains a new strand of DNA and a strand from the original. 24. Compare and contrast DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.\ DNA replication occurs at several locations in the DNA of Eukaryotes due its complexity. DNA replication only starts in one location of the circular prokaryotic DNA and is more rapid. Think of how quickly bacteria can divide and multiple. 25. List the 4 RNA bases: a. ____Adenine_________________________ b. ____Uracil_________________________ c. ____Guanine_________________________ d. ____Cytosine_________________________ 26. If the original DNA strand reads ATGGTCA, the complementary mRNA strand would read ___UACCAGU_______________. 27. Match the 3 different types of RNA with their jobs: a. messenger RNA ____b ___A. transfers amino acids to ribosome to make proteins b. transfer RNA ____c __B. assembles proteins on ribosome c. ribosomal RNA ___ a ____C. carries instructions for proteins from DNA 28. What is made during transcription? Where does it happen in the cell? A complimentary mRNA strand is made from a sequence of DNA (a gene) to be the messenger to the ribosome to make a protein. This occurs in the nucleus. 29. What is made during translation? Where does it happen in the cell? After the mRNA attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome "reads" the transcript to signal tRNAs to bring the correct amino acids to start to build a protein. This process of the ribosome "reading" the transcript is called translation. 30. Each 3 letter “word” in RNA is called a ____codon_____________. 31. There are ___21____ different amino acids produced from mRNA. 32. Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins. List 3 things that proteins do for living things. Act as enzymes to speed reactions Structure for cells Replicate DNA to make new cells Building blocks of all cells BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 13 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 33. Describe of each of the following chromosomal mutations: Mutation: any change in an organisms DNA (can be silent- most, negative, or sometimes positive) Point mutation- one nucleotide is substituted for another insertion: _one or more base pairs is added changing the reading frame deletion:_ One or more base pairs is deleted or subtracted Frame shift mutation- changes what amino acid is put in a protein 34. How are point mutations different than frameshift mutations? Some point mutations are silent, meaning the protein is unaffected and thus the phenotype of the organism is the same. Most all frameshift mutations change the amino acid sequences resulting in a different protein or no protein at all to be made by the ribosome. 35. Who is Gregor Mendel? Gregor Mendel was named the father of genetics because his research led to the discovery that gene/ genetic material is passed from parents to offspring. He also discovered that because of sexual reproduction offspring are not clones of their parents, but they contain a unique sequence of genes and thus a different phenotype. 36. What organism did Mendel study? List 2 reasons for using this organism. Pea Plants a. _____________Reproduce quickly_______________________ b. ________Control how and which plants would mate__________________________ 37. __Homozygous____________ means that an organism has 2 same alleles for a trait. 38. __Heterozygous_________ means that an organism has 2 different alleles for a trait. 39. __Dominate________________ traits are shown using a capital letter. 40. __Recessive _______________ traits are shown using a lowercase letter. genetic makeup of an organism_______________________ 42. Define phenotype: _physical characteristics of an organism _______ 41. Define genotype: 43. Which generation – P, F1, or F2 – is each of the following? a. Your parents: __P__________ b. You: _____F1________ c. Your (future) children: ___F2_______ 44. Using B=black and b=brown, write the following genotypes: a. homo black: ____BB________ b. homo brown: ____bb________ c. hetero black: ____Bb________ BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 14 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 45. Complete the following cross using a Punnett Square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios: Tt x Tt T t T=tall t=short T TT Tt Tt tt t genotype ratio: 25% Homozygous dominant 25% Homozygous recessive 50% Heterozygous phenotype ratio: 75% tall 25% short 46. Define the following laws of Mendel: Law of Segregation: Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. Organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. Thus, the two copies of each gene segregate or separate, during gamete formation (when a new organism is conceived by fusion of an egg and sperm). Law of Independent Assortment: Allele pairs separate independently of one another during gamete formation 47. What are the sex chromosomes for human females? For human males? Female XX Male XY 48. Define incomplete dominance. List an example of incomplete dominance. In a heterozygous organism, the phenotype is neither that of the dominant or the recessive. It has its own phenotype, usually a mixture of the dominant and the recessive. A plant whose flowers are RR (red) Rr (pink) and rr (white) , alleles show incomplete dominance because the heterozygous Rr is its own phenotype. 49. Define codominance. List an example of codominance. Some alleles can be expressed completely and separately. A great example of this is blood typing in humans. Humans can have a variety of genes that are expressed such as A, B, AB, and O. 50. Define sex-linked trait. List an example of a sex-linked trait. Some genes are located on the chromosomes that decide the sex of an individual (chromosomes X and Y). These genes are said to be sex-linked. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 15 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 51. Define polygenic trait. List an example of a polygenic trait. Some phenotypes such as eye, hair, and skin color are the affects of many different genes working together. 52. Define karyotype. Why/when would you use a karyotype? It is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell that have been stained to be studied. Many chromosomal disorders such as down syndrome can be detected by using karyotyping an individual chromosomes. 53. Define nondisjunction. Failure of chromosomes to separate equally during Meiosis. This can cause a resulting fetus to have either too many genes or not enough. 54. List 2 genetic disorders caused by nondisjunction: a. extra 21 chromosome causes _____Down's Syndrome_________________ b. missing X chromosome causes ____Turner's Syndrome__________________ Content Domain IV: Ecology 1. Define ecology. Study of living things and the interactions between the living organisms and their environment. 2. What is the biosphere? The entire Earth and all the biomes that comprise the Earth. 3. How are biotic factors and abiotic factors different? Abiotic are factors that are non-living. Biotic factors are those that are living. 4. List 3 biotic factors and 3 abiotic factors. a. biotic: Organisms such as plants and animals as well as decomposers like bacteria and fungi b. abiotic: Rocks, soil, climate patterns, precipitation, water 5. List the 6 levels of organization from smallest (organism) to largest (biosphere). Species (individual), Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere 6. Define the following terms: a. b. c. d. Population: all same species living and reproducing in the same area Community: many different species of organisms living in one area Ecosystem: all the biotic and abiotic factors in a local area Biome: large areas that share an overall climate, common plants, and common animals such as the tropical rain forest or a desert 7. How are habitat and niche different? Habitat is where an organism lives; like a lion lives on a savanna. Niche is how an organism survives or its role within the habitat, like a lion hunts an antelope and is a top predator. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 16 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 8. Define competition and predation. Competition is when two organisms are trying to get the same resource or mate. Predation is one organism (predator) eating another organism (prey). 9. Describe each of the following symbiotic relationships: a. mutualism:___ a relationship between two different organisms in which both benefit b. commensalism: a relationship between two different organisms in which one benefits and the other is unaffected ___________ c. parasitism: a relationship between two different organisms in which one benefits and the other is harmed________________ 10. Complete the table below: Organism Energy Source Producer (primary producer) Example Sunlight Autotrophs- plants Herbivore (primary consumer) Plants only Cow, deer Omnivore Plants and other Animals (meat) Bears, some birds, and humans Carnivore Meat only Decomposer Dead organisms (can be dead animals or dead plants) Lions and Tigers Mushrooms and bacteria 11. What does a food chain represent? Draw a simple food chain (4 items). Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. Food chain shows the energy flow in a linear example. Algae Plankton Minnow Bass Primary Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer 12. Which 2 things are missing from your food chain? The sun which is the initial energy source for all life on Earth and a decomposer. 13. How is a food web different from a food chain? A food web is more complex (comprised of many food chains), and shows all the different interaction in an ecosystem. 14. What is the ultimate source of energy in our biosphere? The Sun 15. In an energy pyramid, list which organisms are present at each level: a. b. c. d. e. Level Level Level Level Level 1:_____Producers__________________________________________ 2:_____Primary consumers or herbivores ________________________ 3:_____Secondary Consumers ________________________________ 4:_____Tertiary Consumers _________________________________ 5:_____Quaternary Consumers ________________________________ How much energy is passed from one level to the next? ___10__% How much is lost?__90__% BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 17 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 16. List the steps of the following nutrient cycles: a. Carbon: Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants to produce glucose in a process called photosynthesis. A molecule of glucose contains 6 carbon atoms. The glucose is then broken down for energy by heterotrophs in a process called cellular respiration, in which carbon dioxide is released to be taken in again by the plants. Carbon can also be put into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels in factories and in cars. Decomposers also release carbon back into the ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms whose cells contain carbon. b. Nitrogen: Nitrogen gas makes up approximately 68% of our atmosphere, but because of the strong bond between the two atoms of nitrogen plants and animals cannot use nitrogen in its gaseous state. Therefore the process of NITROGEN FIXATION which is the changing of nitrogen gas into a usable form of nitrogen such as nitrates is very important to all life on Earth. This process of NITROGEN FIXATION occurs because of BACTERIA that live in nodes in plant roots. c. Phosphorus: Phosphorus is put into the soil and used by plants by the eroding of rock materials. This process is the SLOWEST of all the nutrient cycles, because it takes so long for rocks to be eroded by water. d. Water: The water cycle includes EVAPORATION which is when water changes from a liquid to a gas. Then as the gas rises it starts to cool, this process forms clouds and is call CONDENSATION. When too much water gets trapped in the atmosphere it rains or snows depending on the temperature which is called PRECIPITATION. Another way water moves through the atmosphere is TRANSPIRATION in which plants release water through the openings in their leaves. 17. Why are these nutrient cycles important? Some nutrients are non-renewable and thus must be cycled. 18. What is ecological succession? After a disaster such as lava flow, tornado, flooding, fire or even a glacier receding the ecosystem must be build. This process of re-growth happen in a logical order called succession. 19. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession. Both end in a mature ecosystem called a climax community. The main difference is how they begin. Primary starts on bare land, often after a volcano erupts or a glacier recedes. There is no soil in primary succession and thus a pioneer species must come BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 18 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ first. Often this pioneer species is lichens that can grow on rock. Secondary succession occurs when soil is left such as after a farm has been abandoned or a tornado. 20. What are some conditions that occur before secondary succession? tornado, fire, flooding, clear cutting 21. What is a pioneer species and how do they prepare the area for the next species to arrive? Pioneer species are the first organisms to inhabit an area without soil. They start the process of making soil. 22. What is a climax community (p.63)? The final most mature ecosystem that results at the end of either primary or secondary succession. 23. Define density-dependent factors. Factors that change as the result of the number of organisms inhabiting an area. 24. List 3 density-dependent factors: Competition (for food, mating territory, shelter) Disease Predation 25. Define density-independent factors. Factors that are not affected by the number of individuals in an area, but still impact the carrying capacity of that area. 26. List 3 density-independent factors: human impact weather conditions disasters 27. Draw a sample graph for exponential growth and logistic growth in the boxes below. Label the lag phase, exponential growth phase, and carrying capacity (if they are present). BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 19 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 28. Differentiate between exponential growth and logistic growth. Exponential growth is the sudden and rapid increase of a population during ideal conditions. Logistic growth is when a population grows to a certain carrying capacity and then levels off at the point where the number of deaths and births are equal. 29. What is the carrying capacity of a population? The carrying capacity is the number of individuals that a certain area can support due to limited resources. 30. Draw the age structure for a population that is in rapid growth, slow growth, and negative growth in the boxes below (see page 104): 31. Complete the table below: Threat Greenhouse Effect Acid rain Ozone Depletion Air Pollution Water Pollution Cause Possible Result The increase of certain gasses (called green house gasses) into the atmosphere that holds in heat too close to the earth's surface. These gasses do not allow UV radiation to escape the atmosphere. Accumulation of air pollutants in the water cycle that causes the pH of precipitation to decrease Increase in global temperatures, global warming which could cause ice caps to melt, animals to migrate north and other devastating events Chemicals used for coolant in the 1950's call CFCs reacted violently with the molecules of O3, ozone, causing them to split. Any chemicals that are released into the air that may have a negative impact on the environment or those who breathe them in. Any chemicals that are put into water that may have a negative impact on the wildlife living in the system or Can cause increase in water pollution and can cause agricultural soils to become too acidic to support crops. The destroying of the ozone molecules lead depletion of the ozone layer which protects the earth from UV radiation. Certain air pollutants can cause cancer or degradation to the lungs. Air pollution can also negatively impact wildlife and plants. Increases in water pollution can lead to biomagnifications and algal blooms that cause BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 20 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Soil Degradation/Depletion Habitat Destruction vegetation. significant decrease in oxygen. The removal or displacement in large quantities of top soil. This displacement into rivers and streams can cause sediment pollution. Also this can lead to mud slides and dust bowls. This can lead to extinction of certain species if they are not able to relocate or adapt to an area where they can survive, The destruction of parts of the world that are homes to wildlife. 32. Complete the table below: Non-renewable Resource Definition: A resource that can only be used once, and this resource cannot be remade at a useful rate. 3 Examples: Fossil Fuels Such as gas for cars and coal for electricity Renewable Resource Definition: A resource that can be used over and over again and not be depleted. 3 Examples: Wind and water 33. Describe the 4 plant tropisms: Plants response to a stumli a. Phototropism:__ Light_____________________________________ b. Thigmotropism:_ Touch_____________________________________ c. Gravitropism: ___Gravity____________________________________ d. Hydrotropism:_____ Water__________________________________ 34. Describe how the animal adaptations below are used: a. carnivores’ large teeth:_________________________________________ b. herbivores’ rotating ears:_______________________________________ c. ducks’ webbed feet:___________________________________________ d. arctic foxes’ fur color (white in winter/dark in summer):______________________ e. herbivores’ flat, grinding teeth:___________________________________ f. meerkats’ excellent vision:_______________________________________ 35. Describe the characteristics of each of the following biomes: Terrestrial: Tropical Rain Forest – very warm climate all year with a rainy season and a dried season. Greatest amount of biodiversity, and has a canopy which is the very top of the dense forest. Tropical rain forests are found along the equator, and are vanishing due to the need of farm land in very poor countries. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 21 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Desert – Dry climate that does not enough rain to support a lot of vegetation. The temperature during the day is very warm, but at night it gets very cold since there is no vegetation to insulate. Plants must be adapted to store water such as a waxy coating on their leaves and broad shallow roots. Most animals are nocturnal. Temperate Grassland – Grasslands do not receive enough rain to support larger, more complex plants such as trees and thus have a variety of grasses as the main vegetation. There are a variety of animals including large grazers and smaller herbivores. Temperate grasslands have all 4 seasons. Temperate Deciduous Forest – This is where we live! In this biome all four season are seen, and there is sufficient rain to support mature forests. Both animals and plants are plentiful. There is great biodiversity. Taiga/Boreal Forest – The area between the tundra and the temperate forest is the boreal forest or taiga. The taiga has short summers, but not as short as that of the tundra. The forest is made mostly of evergreen coniferous trees such as spruce and aspen trees. There is also ferns and ground cover. Animals are large to conserve heat and have extra blubber to protect them against the cold. Many animals also migrate in to this area in the summer and then migrate south for the harsh winter. Tundra – The tundra is the most northern and southern regions from the equator where summers are extremely short and winters are long. Most animals only migrate to this area during the summer, and those that do live in the tundra year round have blubber and white fur to help camouflage themselves from predators or prey (think polar bears). Marine: Open ocean – Large areas of saltwater that have many ecosystems that depend on the depth of the water. Sunlight and thus plants can only live in zones that are shallow enough for light to penetrate. Rocky intertidal zones- These areas are sometimes submerged in water and others are above the water levels, depending on the tide. Animals and plants that live on the rocky shores must be adapted to survive both extremes, and also they must have special features that they do not get washed away. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 22 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Estuaries- These are the areas where fresh water and oceans meet. These areas are very unique and are homes to many bird species that rely on the area to nest. Fresh Water: (Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh and of that 3%, 98% is frozen in icecap!) lakes , rivers, streams & ponds - In lakes like in oceans the organisms living in lakes depend on how much sunlight can penetrate the waters. Rivers and streams can have different organisms that in habitat them depending on their depth, how fast the stream or river is moving, and the location of the river or stream. Organisms that live in rivers must have adaption that allow them to not be washed away by the current. Content Domain V: Evolution 1. How long ago was Earth formed? 4.5 billion years ago 2. Define fossil. Any evidence that an organism existed. These can be in the form of fossilized bones, like dinosaurs, eggs, or trace fossils that show burrowing patterns of nesting of ancient organisms. Theses fossils have changes overtime, and are evidence for evolution. 3. List 4 examples of fossils: Perminerlization: this is when rock and minerals replace bony material (dinosaur bones as we see in museums are not actually bones, but the mineral that has replaces the bones over time Trace fossils- record the activity of an organism Amber-preserved- organisms that get trapped in tree residue can be fossilized (mostly insects) Preserved remains- an entire organism becomes preserved in ice, volcanic ash, or salt bogs 4. How are most fossils formed? Above are the four ways fossils can be formed 5. Define evolution. The change in allele frequency over time. 6. Define the following: population genetics – all genes within in a population is considered to be the gene pool of those organisms adaptations – a mutation that increases the fitness of an organism speciation – the separation of a species into two different species that no longer can breed to form a fertile offspring fitness – the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a group of organisms BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 23 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 7. Explain the contributions of the following people: a. Charles Lyell: argued the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological processes of earth's formation has stayed constant over time b. Thomas Malthus: proposed that resources such as food, water, and shelter were natural limits to population growth c. Alfred Russell Wallace: developed a theory very similar to natural selection at the same times as Darwin 8. Describe Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Lamarok theorized that organisms were changing over time. He believed that an individual could change/ evolve, instead of a gradual change in a population over time. He proposed that changes in the environment would lead to the use of a structure more or less, and therefore an individual would change. 9. Was Lamarck correct? Why or why not? Organisms are changing and evolving, but it does not occur in one organisms lifetime, but over many generations. 10. Describe Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. Some organisms in a population will be better adapted to their environment and will be selected to reproduce more. These organisms will spread their genes more, and therefore the population genetics will shift over time. 11. Where did Darwin go as the naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle and what observations did he make? He ventured around South America, stopping and making many observations on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin observed how organisms had special features that increased their fitness, and these features were unique to their environment. 12. What evidence did he collect to support his theory of evolution? Fossil evidence, as fossil record shows the gaining and losing of features over time. He also came up with certain criteria he observed to show the process of evolution. These include geographic locations, overproduction, descent with modification. 13. Speciation is the creation of a new species. What is required for speciation to occur? (p.436) Two populations must be physically separated for a long enough period that the two populations will not breed and if they do breed do not produce a viable offspring. 14. Define the following types of evolution (p. 439-440): a. adaptive radiation (divergent evolution): species that are equally adapted to a wide range of environments BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 24 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ b. convergent evolution: similar characteristics that have derived in several different species, but the species do not share a common ancestor c. coevolution: two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other. __ 15. Explain the five types of evidence that are used to show evolutionary relationships: a. fossil record: the layers of fossils that have been discovered and dated giving us a preview into how organisms looked and lived long ago. Proof that evolution is occurring b. homologous structures: features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions. Examples are the front appendages in bats, humans, and moles. Each has a different function, but all three are made of the same bony structure. This is the result of a common ancestor and descent with modification. c. vestigial structures: These are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor. Humans have a tail bone, but no tail. The tail bone is a vestigial structure. d. analogous structures: These analogous structures have the same function, but are very different structurally. These are NOT a form of evolution, and these organisms do NOT share common ancestors based on analogous structure. Examples include the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly. Both are used for flying, but they are structurally very different. e. comparative biochemistry (DNA and proteins): This the most exact way of seeing evolutionary ties. DNA and RNA evidence allows scientists to compare DNA and tell by the percentage of like DNA how long ago two branches evolved into separate species. f. geographical distribution: Due to the environmental conditions being very different from biome to biome, different organisms are found in the tropical rain forest that in the desert. Organisms living in the tropical rain forest are adapted to those specific conditions. 16. What is fitness? Ability to survive AND reproduce in a certain set of environmental conditions. 17. How do organisms use camouflage and mimicry? They can use both to either avoid predators by being able to hide or to warn predators that they are dangerous to eat. Some organisms will evolve to look like dangerous similar organisms in order to also avoid being ate, this is called mimicry. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 25 NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ 18. How do antibiotics and pesticides affect the evolution of bacteria and insects? If an insect or bacteria survive the pesticide or antibiotic than they can pass that gene on to its offspring, causing its lineage to also be resistant. The development of resistance can be frustrating for researchers, because they are in an arms race with evolving bacteria and pests. 19. Which mechanism of evolution adds new genes to the gene pool? Mutations are the only way to change existing genes into new forms that COULD be beneficial. MUTATIONS ARE THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND EVOLUTION. Without mutations, new adaptations could not occur, and without sexual reproduction these could not be passed to future generations. 20. Briefly describe the 4 types of natural selection: a. stabilizing: Traits are of equal beneficial, and thus the population is stable b. directional: one trait is much better than the other shifting the population to an extreme c. disruptive: two different traits are equally beneficial thus splitting the population 21. Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Gradualism states that evolution occurs at a steady rate through time. Punctuated states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly followed by long periods of stability with little to no change. BIOLOGY EOCT IS ON 5/14/13 (Tuesday) 26