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NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________
EOCT REVIEW
Introduction
1. What does the term biology mean? The Study of Life.
2. List the 8 characteristics of life:
a. Cells_________________
b. Response to Stimuli_____
c. Energy______________
d. Evolve______________
e. Grow and Develop______
f. DNA________________
g. Reproduce________________________
h. Homeostasis__________________________
3. What is homeostasis and why is it important to living things? To maintain balance or
equilibrium internally. Important because cells function best in a narrow range of
conditions.
4. Rewrite the steps of the scientific method in the correct order:
Prediction
Conclusion
Experiment Observation Hypothesis
Observation Prediction Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion
Data Collection
5. What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?
Independent variables are manipulated or changed during an experiment while dependent
variables are observed and measured during an experiment, they are the experimental
data. For example if you are testing a new blood pressure medicine the independent
variable is the dosage of the medicine and the dependent variable is the individuals blood
pressure.
6. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
Qualitative variables are non-numerical qualities such as color or perception like the plant
is really tall, and quantitative data is in numerical form such as the plant is 10cm tall.
7. Complete the following chart below with the statements below:
Summarizes data in rows/columns
Shows order of steps
Compares different data (magnitude)
Shows how data changes over time
Shows how parts relate to the whole
Chart/table
Summarizes data in rows/columns
Bar Graph
Compares different data (magnitude)
Line Graph
Shows how data changes over time
Circle graph
Shows how parts relate to the whole
Flowchart
Shows order of steps
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8. The following branches of biology study:
Biochemistry –processes, chemicals, DNA
Botany – plants
Genetics - heredity
Microbiology – microscopic organisms
Paleontology - fossils
Cytology – cells
Ecology – interactions between living things and environment
Taxonomy – classification of living things
Content Domain I: Cells
1. What are the three main ideas of the cell theory?
a. All Life is made of cells_________
b. Cells are made from cells________
c. Cells are the smallest unit of life._____
2. List 2 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Eukaryotes have a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
3. What molecules make up the cell/plasma membrane? Draw a picture of this molecule.
Phospholipids- Fluid mosaic model
4. The cell/plasma membrane is selectively permeable – what does this mean?
Only allows certain molecules to cross the membrane
5. Describe the function of the following cell membrane proteins:
a. receptor: _Detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
b. channel: protein opening that allows some larger molecules to pass through the
membrane______________________________________________
6. Fill in the following chart of cell organelles:
Organelle
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
(membrane)
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Function
Prokaryotes or
Eukaryotes or
Both?
Eukaryote
Contains the DNA (genetic material)
instructs all organelles
Surrounds the nucleus for protection and Eukaryote
allows mRNA to leave the nucleus to go
to the ribosomes.
Site of protein synthesis, not membrane Both
bound.
Site where ATP is made for energy, also
Eukaryote
called the power house of the cell.
Cellular respiration-6O2 +C6H12O6
6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP
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Animal cells or
Plant cells or
Both?
Both
Both
Both
Both
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Chloroplast
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Site of photosynthesis in plants.
6CO2 +6H2O + sunlight 6O2 +C6H12O6
Provides transportation within the cell.
Provides the cell transportation in and
out of the cell by using vesicles.
Cell (plasma)
Made of phospholipids, allows only
membrane
certain molecules to cross the barrier
between the outside of the cell and the
inside of the cell
Cell Wall
Protects the cell by having a strong
barrier from the outside of the cell from
the inside. Semi-permeable- only allows
certain molecules in or out.
Cytoplasm
Gel like substance in the cell that
surrounds all organelles and nucleus to
protect cell from damage.
7. How are active transport and passive transport different?
Eukaryote
Plants
Eukaryote
Both
Eukaryote
Both
Eukaryote
Both
Both
Plant, Fungi,
and some
protists and
some bacteria
Both
Both
Active requires ATP to act as an energy source to move molecules across the membrane, and
passive does not require ATP to move molecules across the membrane.
8. Define each of the following:
Diffusion – The movement of substances from higher concentrations to lower concentrations
Facilitated diffusion –The movement of substances across the membrane with the aid of ATP
against the gradient (lower concentrations to higher concentrations)
Osmosis –The movement of water across a semi=permeable membrane from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration
Endocytosis – The taking in of substances or water by engulfing them in a membrane
Exocytosis – The releasing of substances by vesicles
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9. Match the pictures below with the correct type of solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic):
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
______________________
______________________
______________________
10. How are chemical and physical reactions different?
Chemical reactions change the chemical composition of a material such as burning and physical
reactions only change the substance from one state of matter to the next such as melting ice but
the chemical arrangement of its atoms remains the same.
11. In a chemical equation, where are the reactants? Where are the products? (left or right side?)
Reactants are on the left of the arrow and are what goes into the equation and products are to
the right of the arrow and are what comes out of the equation.
12. Differentiate between endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Endothermic takes in energy or requires energy while exothermic reactions release energy
normally as heat.
13. What are enzymes? How do they impact the rate of reactions?
Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions so they happen quicker than without he
enzyme. They do not make reactions occur, but simply speed them up.
14. What is a substrate?
The substrate is specific reactant that an enzyme acts upon.
15. A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _Active site________________.
16. Label the diagram below with the terms below:
enzyme
substrate
active site
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17. Explain how the following factors that affect enzymes: Very specific range of conditions
where enzymes are the most efficient. Three main factors in this range are....
a. pH
b. temperature
c. Amount of substrate----REMEMBER AN ENZYME CAN NEVER BE USED UP!!
18. Water is a polar molecule – what does that mean?
A polar molecule has a greater electrical charge on one part of the molecule than the
other while retaining an overall neutral charge. Such molecules include water.
19. Why is water important in biology? All living organisms are mostly comprised of water.
Water gives cells structure and transports and transports materials across the cell
membrane.
20. How are homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions different?
Homogenous solutions are the same consistency throughout, heterogeneous mixtures are not
consistent and separate easily (think oil and water)
21. Solutions can range in pH from 0-14.
d. What is the pH range of acids? _0-6.0_____________
e. What is the pH range of bases? __8.0-14.0_____________
22. Fill in the chart for the 4 macromolecules:
acromolecule
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Function
Provide a source of
usable chemical energy
for cells
Store energy for cells
Monomer
Monosaccharide
Glycerol
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Example
Glucose
Fatty acids- fats and
oils
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Protein
Nucleic Acid
Building block of all
body structures,
enzymes
Amino Acids
Enzymes
Give structure to DNA
to build new proteins
Nucleotides
Cytosine, Adenine,
thymine, guanine
Content Domain II: Organisms
1. What is ATP? What is it used for? Energy molecule used for all activities in the body by
cells. It is made by cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
2. How does ATP release energy in the cell? ATP has energy in its bonds, when it breaks its
bonds it releases energy for the cell to use.
3. What do cells use energy for in the cell? ALL the characteristics of life; reproduction, grow
and develop, evolve, respond to stimuli...
4. Fill in the following chart to compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
Organelle where it
Process
What is needed?
What is produced?
occurs
Photosynthesis
chloroplast
Water, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Glucose
and Sunlight
Cellular Respiration
Cytoplasm/
Mitochondria
Oxygen and Glucose
Water, Carbon
Dioxide, and ATP
Write the PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION:
5. Which Kingdoms perform photosynthesis for their energy? Protista (plant-like), cynobacteria
(Bacteria Kingdom), and Kingdom Plantae
6. Write the RESPIRATION EQUATION:
6O2 +C6H12O6
6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP
7. Which kingdoms perform respiration for their energy? Animalae, Plantae, Protista, Fungi
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8. If an organism produces its own food through photosynthesis, it is known as a __ Autotroph
___________ or _____Producer________.
9. If an organism consumes its food and gets energy through respiration, it is known as a
_______Heterotroph______ or ____Consumer_________.
10. What is fermentation? Why and how does it occur?
Anaerobic Respiration (occurs without Oxygen) to make energy for the cell. Causes Gycolysis
to continue producing some ATP. Two kinds of fermentation are alcoholic(yeasts and bacteria)
and lactic acid (muscle cells).
11. Briefly describe where and when lactic acid fermentation occurs.
When muscle cells run out of oxygen due to heavy strenuous exercise the muscles will start
to perform lactic acid fermentation to gain energy. This is not as productive as cellular
respiration as it produces less ATP.
12. Define taxonomy.
Classification of living organisms.
13. Correctly write the scientific name for humans. Which word is the Genus name? species name?
Homo sapiens
Homo : Genus
sapiens: species
List the 7 levels of biological classification in order from largest to smallest.
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
14. What is a taxon?
A group of organisms that share several derived characteristics that makes them closely related.
15. What criteria are used to place organisms into the different taxa?
Most accurate would be DNA evidence of how closely they are related.
16. Why is a system of classification important in Biology?
Gives a common language for all scientists to communicate and collaborate.
17. How are evolutionary relationships used in classification?
Those organisms that have evolved more traits in common are more closely related and
have a more recent common ancestor.
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18. Explain why the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archeabacteria were split from Kingdom Monera.
DNA evidence has shown that there are too many differences to classify them as the
same domain. Such differences are the fact that Eubacteria has a cell wall made of
petidoglycan and Archeabactreia does not.
19. What is a dichotomous key?
A list of opposing characteristics that allows a researcher to identify organisms.
20. Use the dichotomous key to identify the following insects:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2
b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3
2. a. body has a round shape ……….ladybug
b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper
3. a. wings point out from the side of the body ……….dragonfly
b. wings point to the posterior of the body ……….housefly
A._ _Housefly______________
B.___grasshopper_________________
C.______Ladybug____________
D.______dragonfly______________
21. What is a cladogram?
A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms.
22. Use the following cladogram to answer the questions after the diagram.
Evolution of Plants
Cone- bearing
Ferns and
Mosses and
Flowering plants
plants
their relatives
their relatives
Flowers: Seeds
enclosed in fruit
Seeds
Vascular
tissue
Green Algae ancestor
a. Which group is the oldest?
________mosses_________________
b. Which 3 groups have vascular tissue?
ferns, cone-bearing plants, flowering
plants_________________
c. Which 2 groups have seeds?
Cone-bearing plants and flowering
plants_________________
d. Which group has flowering plant
flowering plants
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19. Complete the table below for the 6 Kingdoms:
Characteristics
Cell Type
(prokaryote or
eukaryote)
# of Cells (singlecelled or
multicellular)
Cell Nucleus
(present or
absent)
How do get food?
(autotroph,
heterotroph, or
decomposer)
Cell Wall (present
or absent)
Photosynthetic
(yes or no)
Examples
(at least 2)
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Single
Single
Single
Exception:
slime mold
Multicellular
Exception:
Yeast
Multicellular
Multicellular
Not Present
Not Present
Present
Present
Present
Present
Heterotrophcan be a
chemotroph
Heterotroph
Exception:
cynobacteriaautotroph
Decomposersmushrooms
and
heterotrophs
such as yeast
ALL ARE
AUTOTROPHS
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
Heterotrophs
Present
Present- made
of
peptidoglycan
One kind
Cynobacteria
Both: Plant like
such as algae
are autotrophs,
fungi like are
decomposers,
and animal like
are
heterotrophs
Some can have
a cell wall
CELL wall
made of
CELL wall
made of
NO CELL
WALL!!!!!!!!!!
NO
Methanogens
and haleophiles
E.coli and
MRSA
chitin
cellulose
Plant like can
NO
ALL
NO
Algae, slime
molds, kelp,
plasmodium,
euglena,
paramecium
Mushrooms,
molds, yeasts
Ferns, trees,
flowers, shrubs
Corals,
sponges,
insects, fish,
sharks,
humans
23. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. What is binary fission?
The splitting of one organism to produce an exact replica or clone of the parental
organism. Asexual reproduction
24. What do decomposers do for the environment?
Decomposers consume dead organisms to return essential nutrients to the environment.
25. Why are viruses considered non-living?
Viruses are a cellular (are not made of cells), cannot reproduce on their own, cannot
obtain nutrients/ energy without a host. Viruses cannot live on their own without a host
organism.
26. Draw a label a picture of a virus. Include the protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA).
27. How are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle different?
Both cycles are how viruses replicate in a host cell. The lytic cycle is where the virus
takes over the cell's DNA and machinery to make new complete viruses. Once the viral
load becomes too high for the host cell to stay intact it ruptures or bursts releasing the
new viruses to infect nearby cells. The lysogenic cycle is where the virus incorporates its
DNA/RNA into the host cell and then forces the cell to divide rapidly to multiple the viral
DNA/RNA.
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28. Describe how a virus reproduces itself.
Through the lysogenic and lytic cycles.
Content Domain III: Genetics
1. List the steps of the cell cycle (NOT the steps of mitosis!):
G1- Growth stage
S- DNA replication
G2- Growth stage
M- Mitosis
2. What happens during the 3 phases of Interphase?
G1 And G2 are stages in which the cell is doing its function
S phase is where DNA is replicated for mitosis
3. What happens during Mitosis?
The cell divides into two identical cells with the same DNA.
4. What happens during Cytokinesis?
The cell physically separates into two cells by dividing all the organelles and cytoplasam.
5. Label the pictures below using the following terms:
Interphase Prophase(use 2 times) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
__Prophase____________________
__Telophase____________________
___Metaphase___________________
____Interphase__________________
___Anaphase___________________
_____Prophase_________________
6. Describe what is happening in the stages of mitosis:
Stage
Description
Prophase__
Chromosomes start to condense in preparation of division, and the nuclear envelope
_____
starts to dissolve. The centrioles go to each pole of the cell and form the spindles that
will attach to the kenticore of each sister chromotid.
Metaphase_
______
Chromotids start to line up in the center of the cell as the spindles grow longer.
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Anaphase__
______
The sister chromotids are broken apart as the spindles start to retract towards the
poles of the cell. Each side of the cell has the exact same amount of genetic material.
Telophase__
______
After the chromotids have reached the poles, organelles/ cytoplasam start to divide as
the cell membrane starts to reform between the newly made cells. The nuclear
envelops also starts to reform around the genetic materal.
7. What is the purpose of mitosis? What is the purpose of meiosis?
Mitosis- makes two identical cells
Meiosis- makes gametes with half the number of genes for sexual reproduction
8. Define haploid and diploid. What is the human haploid #?__23______ Diploid #?___46_____
9. Compare and contrast sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
a. similarities: make new organisms
b. differences: asexual one parent clones itself, and sexual requires the union of two
parents gametes to form a unique new organism
10. Is mitosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?
Asexual because it makes an exact copy of a cell.
11. Is meiosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?
Sexual because it forms gamete cells that will later unite with another organisms gamete
cell to create an organism that is unique to either parent.
12. Fill in the chart to compare mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Body cells or
sex cells
Body
# of
divisions
1
# of stages
(total)
5
# of cells
produced
2
# of chromosomes in
cells produced
46
Meiosis
Sex
2
10
4
23
13. What is a gamete? Is it haploid or diploid? How are sperm and egg formation different?
Haploid- half the total number of chromosomes of the diploid cell
(somatic-body cell)
Sperm cells (male) are regenerated daily in vas deferens, where as
egg cells are created during fetal development of a female and contain
the necessary nutrients (endosperm) for the first divisions of a
gamete.
14. What is crossing-over? When does it happen?
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between the
maternal (mother) and paternal (father) Chromotids to produce a
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unique sequence of genes. It occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis I.
15. Where is DNA located in the cell? Where is RNA located in the cell?
DNA is located inside of the nucleus, and RNA can be found in the nucleus as well as outside of the
nucleus in the cytoplasm in the form of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis.
16. DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Label the nucleotide below:
17. List the 4 DNA bases (full names):
a. _Adenine____________________________
b. ___Thymine__________________________
c. ____Guanine_________________________
d. _____Cystosine________________________
18. Chargaff’s rule tells us that the bases pair ___A___ with T and _ C__ with G.
The percent of A's will be equal to the percent of T's, and the percent of C's will
be equal to the percent of G's within a DNA sequence.
19. If one side of the DNA molecule reads ATGCCGT, the other side would read
___TACGGCA___________.
20. Describe and draw the shape of a DNA molecule.
Double stranded, double helix
21. _____Watson___________ and ____Crick___________ built a model of DNA based on
others’ research.
22. What is made during DNA replication? Where does it happen in the cell?
DNA replication is where all of a cell's DNA is copied to make a new cell during mitosis.
This occurs in the nucleus.
23. Describe how DNA is replicated (steps).
Enzymes un zip the double stranded DNA.
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Proteins latch to the strand and make a new complimentary DNA strand.
DNA replication is considered to be semi-conservative, because each new cell contains a
new strand of DNA and a strand from the original.
24. Compare and contrast DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.\
DNA replication occurs at several locations in the DNA of Eukaryotes due its complexity.
DNA replication only starts in one location of the circular prokaryotic DNA and is more
rapid. Think of how quickly bacteria can divide and multiple.
25. List the 4 RNA bases:
a. ____Adenine_________________________
b. ____Uracil_________________________
c. ____Guanine_________________________
d. ____Cytosine_________________________
26. If the original DNA strand reads ATGGTCA, the complementary mRNA strand would read
___UACCAGU_______________.
27. Match the 3 different types of RNA with their jobs:
a. messenger RNA
____b ___A. transfers amino acids to ribosome to make proteins
b. transfer RNA
____c __B. assembles proteins on ribosome
c. ribosomal RNA
___ a ____C. carries instructions for proteins from DNA
28. What is made during transcription? Where does it happen in the cell?
A complimentary mRNA strand is made from a sequence of DNA (a gene) to be the messenger to
the ribosome to make a protein. This occurs in the nucleus.
29. What is made during translation? Where does it happen in the cell?
After the mRNA attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome "reads" the transcript to signal
tRNAs to bring the correct amino acids to start to build a protein. This process of the
ribosome "reading" the transcript is called translation.
30. Each 3 letter “word” in RNA is called a ____codon_____________.
31. There are ___21____ different amino acids produced from mRNA.
32. Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins. List 3 things that proteins do for
living things.
Act as enzymes to speed reactions
Structure for cells
Replicate DNA to make new cells
Building blocks of all cells
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33. Describe of each of the following chromosomal mutations:
Mutation: any change in an organisms DNA (can be silent- most, negative, or sometimes
positive)
Point mutation- one nucleotide is substituted for another
insertion: _one or more base pairs is added changing the reading frame
deletion:_ One or more base pairs is deleted or subtracted
Frame shift mutation- changes what amino acid is put in a protein
34. How are point mutations different than frameshift mutations?
Some point mutations are silent, meaning the protein is unaffected and thus the phenotype
of the organism is the same. Most all frameshift mutations change the amino acid
sequences resulting in a different protein or no protein at all to be made by the ribosome.
35. Who is Gregor Mendel?
Gregor Mendel was named the father of genetics because his research led to the
discovery that gene/ genetic material is passed from parents to offspring. He also
discovered that because of sexual reproduction offspring are not clones of their parents,
but they contain a unique sequence of genes and thus a different phenotype.
36. What organism did Mendel study? List 2 reasons for using this organism. Pea Plants
a. _____________Reproduce quickly_______________________
b. ________Control how and which plants would mate__________________________
37. __Homozygous____________ means that an organism has 2 same alleles for a trait.
38. __Heterozygous_________ means that an organism has 2 different alleles for a trait.
39. __Dominate________________ traits are shown using a capital letter.
40. __Recessive _______________ traits are shown using a lowercase letter.
genetic makeup of an organism_______________________
42. Define phenotype: _physical characteristics of an organism _______
41. Define genotype:
43. Which generation – P, F1, or F2 – is each of the following?
a. Your parents: __P__________
b. You: _____F1________
c. Your (future) children: ___F2_______
44. Using B=black and b=brown, write the following genotypes:
a. homo black: ____BB________
b. homo brown: ____bb________
c. hetero black: ____Bb________
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45. Complete the following cross using a Punnett Square and give the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios:
Tt x Tt
T
t
T=tall
t=short
T TT Tt
Tt
tt
t
genotype ratio: 25% Homozygous dominant
25% Homozygous recessive
50% Heterozygous
phenotype ratio: 75% tall
25% short
46. Define the following laws of Mendel:
 Law of Segregation:

Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent.

Organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. Thus, the two copies
of each gene segregate or separate, during gamete formation (when a new organism is
conceived by fusion of an egg and sperm).
 Law of Independent Assortment:

Allele pairs separate independently of one another during gamete formation
47. What are the sex chromosomes for human females? For human males?
Female XX
Male XY
48. Define incomplete dominance. List an example of incomplete dominance.
In a heterozygous organism, the phenotype is neither that of the dominant or the
recessive. It has its own phenotype, usually a mixture of the dominant and the recessive.
A plant whose flowers are RR (red) Rr (pink) and rr (white) , alleles show incomplete
dominance because the heterozygous Rr is its own phenotype.
49. Define codominance. List an example of codominance.
Some alleles can be expressed completely and separately. A great example of this is
blood typing in humans. Humans can have a variety of genes that are expressed such as
A, B, AB, and O.
50. Define sex-linked trait. List an example of a sex-linked trait.
Some genes are located on the chromosomes that decide the sex of an individual
(chromosomes X and Y). These genes are said to be sex-linked.
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51. Define polygenic trait. List an example of a polygenic trait.
Some phenotypes such as eye, hair, and skin color are the affects of many different
genes working together.
52. Define karyotype. Why/when would you use a karyotype?
It is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell that have been stained to be studied.
Many chromosomal disorders such as down syndrome can be detected by using karyotyping
an individual chromosomes.
53. Define nondisjunction.
Failure of chromosomes to separate equally during Meiosis. This can cause a resulting
fetus to have either too many genes or not enough.
54. List 2 genetic disorders caused by nondisjunction:
a. extra 21 chromosome causes _____Down's Syndrome_________________
b. missing X chromosome causes ____Turner's Syndrome__________________
Content Domain IV: Ecology
1. Define ecology.
Study of living things and the interactions between the living organisms and their environment.
2. What is the biosphere?
The entire Earth and all the biomes that comprise the Earth.
3. How are biotic factors and abiotic factors different?
Abiotic are factors that are non-living.
Biotic factors are those that are living.
4. List 3 biotic factors and 3 abiotic factors.
a. biotic: Organisms such as plants and animals as well as decomposers like bacteria
and fungi
b. abiotic: Rocks, soil, climate patterns, precipitation, water
5. List the 6 levels of organization from smallest (organism) to largest (biosphere).
Species (individual), Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere
6. Define the following terms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Population: all same species living and reproducing in the same area
Community: many different species of organisms living in one area
Ecosystem: all the biotic and abiotic factors in a local area
Biome: large areas that share an overall climate, common plants, and common
animals such as the tropical rain forest or a desert
7. How are habitat and niche different?
Habitat is where an organism lives; like a lion lives on a savanna.
Niche is how an organism survives or its role within the habitat, like a lion hunts an
antelope and is a top predator.
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8. Define competition and predation.
Competition is when two organisms are trying to get the same resource or mate.
Predation is one organism (predator) eating another organism (prey).
9. Describe each of the following symbiotic relationships:
a. mutualism:___ a relationship between two different organisms in which both benefit
b. commensalism: a relationship between two different organisms in which one benefits
and the other is unaffected ___________
c. parasitism: a relationship between two different organisms in which one benefits and
the other is harmed________________
10. Complete the table below:
Organism
Energy Source
Producer (primary producer)
Example
Sunlight
Autotrophs- plants
Herbivore (primary consumer)
Plants only
Cow, deer
Omnivore
Plants and other Animals (meat)
Bears, some birds, and humans
Carnivore
Meat only
Decomposer
Dead organisms (can be dead
animals or dead plants)
Lions and Tigers
Mushrooms and bacteria
11. What does a food chain represent? Draw a simple food chain (4 items). Label the producer,
primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer.
Food chain shows the energy flow in a linear example.
Algae
Plankton
Minnow
Bass
Primary Producer Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer
12. Which 2 things are missing from your food chain?
The sun which is the initial energy source for all life on Earth and a decomposer.
13. How is a food web different from a food chain?
A food web is more complex (comprised of many food chains), and shows all the different
interaction in an ecosystem.
14. What is the ultimate source of energy in our biosphere?
The Sun
15. In an energy pyramid, list which organisms are present at each level:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Level
Level
Level
Level
Level
1:_____Producers__________________________________________
2:_____Primary consumers or herbivores ________________________
3:_____Secondary Consumers ________________________________
4:_____Tertiary Consumers _________________________________
5:_____Quaternary Consumers ________________________________
How much energy is passed from one level to the next? ___10__% How much is
lost?__90__%
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NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________
16. List the steps of the following nutrient cycles:
a. Carbon:
Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants to produce glucose in a process called
photosynthesis. A molecule of glucose contains 6 carbon atoms. The glucose is
then broken down for energy by heterotrophs in a process called cellular
respiration, in which carbon dioxide is released to be taken in again by the plants.
Carbon can also be put into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels in
factories and in cars. Decomposers also release carbon back into the ecosystem by
breaking down dead organisms whose cells contain carbon.
b. Nitrogen:
Nitrogen gas makes up approximately 68% of our atmosphere, but because of the
strong bond between the two atoms of nitrogen plants and animals cannot use
nitrogen in its gaseous state. Therefore the process of NITROGEN FIXATION
which is the changing of nitrogen gas into a usable form of nitrogen such as nitrates
is very important to all life on Earth. This process of NITROGEN FIXATION
occurs because of BACTERIA that live in nodes in plant roots.
c. Phosphorus:
Phosphorus is put into the soil and used by plants by the eroding of rock materials.
This process is the SLOWEST of all the nutrient cycles, because it takes so long
for rocks to be eroded by water.
d. Water:
The water cycle includes EVAPORATION which is when water changes from a liquid
to a gas. Then as the gas rises it starts to cool, this process forms clouds and is
call CONDENSATION. When too much water gets trapped in the atmosphere it
rains or snows depending on the temperature which is called PRECIPITATION.
Another way water moves through the atmosphere is TRANSPIRATION in which
plants release water through the openings in their leaves.
17. Why are these nutrient cycles important?
Some nutrients are non-renewable and thus must be cycled.
18. What is ecological succession?
After a disaster such as lava flow, tornado, flooding, fire or even a glacier receding the
ecosystem must be build. This process of re-growth happen in a logical order called
succession.
19. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession.
Both end in a mature ecosystem called a climax community. The main difference is how
they begin. Primary starts on bare land, often after a volcano erupts or a glacier
recedes. There is no soil in primary succession and thus a pioneer species must come
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first. Often this pioneer species is lichens that can grow on rock. Secondary succession
occurs when soil is left such as after a farm has been abandoned or a tornado.
20. What are some conditions that occur before secondary succession?
tornado, fire, flooding, clear cutting
21. What is a pioneer species and how do they prepare the area for the next species to arrive?
Pioneer species are the first organisms to inhabit an area without soil. They start the
process of making soil.
22. What is a climax community (p.63)?
The final most mature ecosystem that results at the end of either primary or secondary
succession.
23. Define density-dependent factors.
Factors that change as the result of the number of organisms inhabiting an area.
24. List 3 density-dependent factors:
Competition (for food, mating territory, shelter)
Disease
Predation
25. Define density-independent factors.
Factors that are not affected by the number of individuals in an area, but still impact the
carrying capacity of that area.
26. List 3 density-independent factors:
human impact
weather conditions
disasters
27. Draw a sample graph for exponential growth and logistic growth in the boxes below. Label the
lag phase, exponential growth phase, and carrying capacity (if they are present).
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28. Differentiate between exponential growth and logistic growth.
Exponential growth is the sudden and rapid increase of a population during ideal conditions.
Logistic growth is when a population grows to a certain carrying capacity and then levels off at
the point where the number of deaths and births are equal.
29. What is the carrying capacity of a population?
The carrying capacity is the number of individuals that a certain area can support due to limited
resources.
30. Draw the age structure for a population that is in rapid growth, slow growth, and negative
growth in the boxes below (see page 104):
31. Complete the table below:
Threat
Greenhouse Effect
Acid rain
Ozone Depletion
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Cause
Possible Result
The increase of certain gasses (called
green house gasses) into the
atmosphere that holds in heat too
close to the earth's surface. These
gasses do not allow UV radiation to
escape the atmosphere.
Accumulation of air pollutants in the
water cycle that causes the pH of
precipitation to decrease
Increase in global temperatures,
global warming which could
cause ice caps to melt, animals
to migrate north and other
devastating events
Chemicals used for coolant in the
1950's call CFCs reacted violently with
the molecules of O3, ozone, causing
them to split.
Any chemicals that are released into
the air that may have a negative
impact on the environment or those
who breathe them in.
Any chemicals that are put into water
that may have a negative impact on
the wildlife living in the system or
Can cause increase in water
pollution and can cause
agricultural soils to become too
acidic to support crops.
The destroying of the ozone
molecules lead depletion of the
ozone layer which protects the
earth from UV radiation.
Certain air pollutants can cause
cancer or degradation to the
lungs. Air pollution can also
negatively impact wildlife and
plants.
Increases in water pollution can
lead to biomagnifications and
algal blooms that cause
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NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________
Soil
Degradation/Depletion
Habitat Destruction
vegetation.
significant decrease in oxygen.
The removal or displacement in large
quantities of top soil.
This displacement into rivers
and streams can cause sediment
pollution. Also this can lead to
mud slides and dust bowls.
This can lead to extinction of
certain species if they are not
able to relocate or adapt to an
area where they can survive,
The destruction of parts of the world
that are homes to wildlife.
32. Complete the table below:
Non-renewable Resource
Definition:
A resource that can only be used once, and this
resource cannot be remade at a useful rate.
3 Examples:
Fossil Fuels
Such as gas for cars and coal for electricity
Renewable Resource
Definition:
A resource that can be used over and over again
and not be depleted.
3 Examples:
Wind and water
33. Describe the 4 plant tropisms: Plants response to a stumli
a. Phototropism:__ Light_____________________________________
b. Thigmotropism:_ Touch_____________________________________
c. Gravitropism: ___Gravity____________________________________
d. Hydrotropism:_____ Water__________________________________
34. Describe how the animal adaptations below are used:
a. carnivores’ large teeth:_________________________________________
b. herbivores’ rotating ears:_______________________________________
c. ducks’ webbed feet:___________________________________________
d. arctic foxes’ fur color (white in winter/dark in summer):______________________
e. herbivores’ flat, grinding teeth:___________________________________
f. meerkats’ excellent vision:_______________________________________
35. Describe the characteristics of each of the following biomes:
Terrestrial:
 Tropical Rain Forest – very warm climate all year with a rainy season and a dried season.
Greatest amount of biodiversity, and has a canopy which is the very top of the dense
forest. Tropical rain forests are found along the equator, and are vanishing due to the
need of farm land in very poor countries.
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 Desert – Dry climate that does not enough rain to support a lot of vegetation. The
temperature during the day is very warm, but at night it gets very cold since there is no
vegetation to insulate. Plants must be adapted to store water such as a waxy coating on
their leaves and broad shallow roots. Most animals are nocturnal.
 Temperate Grassland – Grasslands do not receive enough rain to support larger, more
complex plants such as trees and thus have a variety of grasses as the main vegetation.
There are a variety of animals including large grazers and smaller herbivores. Temperate
grasslands have all 4 seasons.
 Temperate Deciduous Forest – This is where we live! In this biome all four season are
seen, and there is sufficient rain to support mature forests. Both animals and plants are
plentiful. There is great biodiversity.
 Taiga/Boreal Forest – The area between the tundra and the temperate forest is the
boreal forest or taiga. The taiga has short summers, but not as short as that of the
tundra. The forest is made mostly of evergreen coniferous trees such as spruce and
aspen trees. There is also ferns and ground cover. Animals are large to conserve heat
and have extra blubber to protect them against the cold. Many animals also migrate in to
this area in the summer and then migrate south for the harsh winter.
 Tundra – The tundra is the most northern and southern regions from the equator where
summers are extremely short and winters are long. Most animals only migrate to this
area during the summer, and those that do live in the tundra year round have blubber and
white fur to help camouflage themselves from predators or prey (think polar bears).
Marine:
 Open ocean – Large areas of saltwater that have many ecosystems that depend on the
depth of the water. Sunlight and thus plants can only live in zones that are shallow
enough for light to penetrate.
 Rocky intertidal zones- These areas are sometimes submerged in water and others are
above the water levels, depending on the tide. Animals and plants that live on the rocky
shores must be adapted to survive both extremes, and also they must have special
features that they do not get washed away.
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 Estuaries- These are the areas where fresh water and oceans meet. These areas are
very unique and are homes to many bird species that rely on the area to nest.
Fresh Water: (Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh and of that 3%, 98% is frozen in icecap!)
 lakes , rivers, streams & ponds - In lakes like in oceans the organisms living in lakes
depend on how much sunlight can penetrate the waters. Rivers and streams can have
different organisms that in habitat them depending on their depth, how fast the stream
or river is moving, and the location of the river or stream. Organisms that live in rivers
must have adaption that allow them to not be washed away by the current.
Content Domain V: Evolution
1. How long ago was Earth formed? 4.5 billion years ago
2. Define fossil.
Any evidence that an organism existed. These can be in the form of fossilized bones, like
dinosaurs, eggs, or trace fossils that show burrowing patterns of nesting of ancient
organisms. Theses fossils have changes overtime, and are evidence for evolution.
3. List 4 examples of fossils:
Perminerlization: this is when rock and minerals replace bony material (dinosaur bones as we see
in museums are not actually bones, but the mineral that has replaces the bones over time
Trace fossils- record the activity of an organism
Amber-preserved- organisms that get trapped in tree residue can be fossilized (mostly insects)
Preserved remains- an entire organism becomes preserved in ice, volcanic ash, or salt bogs
4. How are most fossils formed?
Above are the four ways fossils can be formed
5. Define evolution.
The change in allele frequency over time.
6. Define the following:
population genetics – all genes within in a population is considered to be the gene pool of
those organisms
adaptations – a mutation that increases the fitness of an organism
speciation – the separation of a species into two different species that no longer can
breed to form a fertile offspring
fitness – the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
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7. Explain the contributions of the following people:
a. Charles Lyell: argued the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological
processes of earth's formation has stayed constant over time
b. Thomas Malthus: proposed that resources such as food, water, and shelter were natural
limits to population growth
c. Alfred Russell Wallace: developed a theory very similar to natural selection at the same
times as Darwin
8. Describe Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Lamarok theorized that organisms were changing over time. He believed that an individual
could change/ evolve, instead of a gradual change in a population over time. He proposed that
changes in the environment would lead to the use of a structure more or less, and therefore
an individual would change.
9. Was Lamarck correct? Why or why not?
Organisms are changing and evolving, but it does not occur in one organisms lifetime, but over
many generations.
10. Describe Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.
Some organisms in a population will be better adapted to their environment and will be
selected to reproduce more. These organisms will spread their genes more, and therefore
the population genetics will shift over time.
11. Where did Darwin go as the naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle and what observations did he make?
He ventured around South America, stopping and making many observations on the
Galapagos Islands. Darwin observed how organisms had special features that increased
their fitness, and these features were unique to their environment.
12. What evidence did he collect to support his theory of evolution?
Fossil evidence, as fossil record shows the gaining and losing of features over time. He
also came up with certain criteria he observed to show the process of evolution. These
include geographic locations, overproduction, descent with modification.
13. Speciation is the creation of a new species. What is required for speciation to occur? (p.436)
Two populations must be physically separated for a long enough period that the two populations
will not breed and if they do breed do not produce a viable offspring.
14. Define the following types of evolution (p. 439-440):
a. adaptive radiation (divergent evolution): species that are equally adapted to a wide
range of environments
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b. convergent evolution: similar characteristics that have derived in several different
species, but the species do not share a common ancestor
c. coevolution: two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other. __
15. Explain the five types of evidence that are used to show evolutionary relationships:
a. fossil record: the layers of fossils that have been discovered and dated giving us a
preview into how organisms looked and lived long ago. Proof that evolution is
occurring
b. homologous structures: features that are similar in structure but appear in different
organisms and have different functions. Examples are the front appendages in
bats, humans, and moles. Each has a different function, but all three are made of
the same bony structure. This is the result of a common ancestor and descent with
modification.
c. vestigial structures:
These are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early
ancestor. Humans have a tail bone, but no tail. The tail bone is a vestigial
structure.
d. analogous structures:
These analogous structures have the same function, but are very different
structurally. These are NOT a form of evolution, and these organisms do NOT
share common ancestors based on analogous structure. Examples include the wing of
a bat and the wing of a butterfly. Both are used for flying, but they are
structurally very different.
e. comparative biochemistry (DNA and proteins):
This the most exact way of seeing evolutionary ties. DNA and RNA evidence allows
scientists to compare DNA and tell by the percentage of like DNA how long ago two
branches evolved into separate species.
f. geographical distribution:
Due to the environmental conditions being very different from biome to biome,
different organisms are found in the tropical rain forest that in the desert. Organisms
living in the tropical rain forest are adapted to those specific conditions.
16. What is fitness?
Ability to survive AND reproduce in a certain set of environmental conditions.
17. How do organisms use camouflage and mimicry?
They can use both to either avoid predators by being able to hide or to warn predators
that they are dangerous to eat. Some organisms will evolve to look like dangerous similar
organisms in order to also avoid being ate, this is called mimicry.
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18. How do antibiotics and pesticides affect the evolution of bacteria and insects?
If an insect or bacteria survive the pesticide or antibiotic than they can pass that gene on to its
offspring, causing its lineage to also be resistant. The development of resistance can be
frustrating for researchers, because they are in an arms race with evolving bacteria and pests.
19. Which mechanism of evolution adds new genes to the gene pool?
Mutations are the only way to change existing genes into new forms that COULD be beneficial.
MUTATIONS ARE THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND EVOLUTION. Without mutations, new
adaptations could not occur, and without sexual reproduction these could not be passed to future
generations.
20. Briefly describe the 4 types of natural selection:
a. stabilizing: Traits are of equal beneficial, and thus the population is stable
b. directional: one trait is much better than the other shifting the population to an
extreme
c. disruptive: two different traits are equally beneficial thus splitting the population
21. Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
Gradualism states that evolution occurs at a steady rate through time.
Punctuated states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly followed by long periods of
stability with little to no change.
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