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Chapter Three Musculoskeletal System Combining Forms Bone Bone Marrow Cartilage Elbow Fascia Joints Ligaments Muscles oste/o, oste/o, oss/i, oss/i, osse/o myel/o chondr/o, chondr/o, cartilag/o olecran/o fasci/o arthr/o, arthr/o, articul/o ligament/o, syndesm/o my/o, myos/o, myos/o, muscul/o Sinus sin/o, sinus/o tendin/o, tendin/o, ten/o, tend/o Tendons Prefixes And Suffixes diadiaendoendo-, endendepiepiinterinterintraintrametametaperiperi- -blast -centesis -clast -cyte -desis -malacia -physis -plasty -poiesis -scopy - um Anatomy and Physiology Types of Bones Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Bones, muscles, and joints Act as a framework for the organ systems Protect many of the body’ body’s organs Provide the organism with the ability to move Storage of minerals Hematopoiesis (formation of blood) Anatomy and Physiology Shapes of Human bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones Anatomy and Physiology Bone structure Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Anatomy and Physiology Long bones Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate Compact bone Cancellous (spongy) bone Periosteum Endosteum Anatomy and Physiology Bone depressions Fissure Foramen (pl. foramina) Fossa Sinus Sulcus Bone processes Condyle Crest Epicondyle Head Spine Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity Axial Skeleton Skull Facial bones Zygoma Lacrimal bones Maxilla Mandible Vomer Palatine bones Inferior nasal conchae Axial Skeleton Skull Cranial bones Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Axial Skeleton Rib cage Ribs: (cost/o) True ribs (7 pr) False ribs (3 pr) Floating ribs (2 pr) Sternum: (stern/o) Xiphoid Process Axial Skeleton Appendicular skeleton Spine: 26 vertebrae Cervical: Thoracic: Lumbar: Sacral: Coccygeal C1C1-C7 T1T1-T12 L1L1-L5 S1S1-S5 Coccyx Appendicular skeleton Arm Humerus Radius Ulna Olecranon Carpal (carpus (carpus)) Metacarpal (metacarpus) Phalanx/Phalanges Digitus Joints Articulations Allow for range of motion and movement Synovial joints allow for free movement Bursa – sac of fluid to help cushion the joint Meniscus – crescent shaped cartilage in the knee that help cushion the joint Ligaments – strong bands of fibrous connective tissue connecting bones Appendicular skeleton Upper Body Scapula Acromion process Clavicle Appendicular skeleton Lower appendicular skeleton Pelvis Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum Lower extremities Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Malleolus Tarsal (tarsus) Metatarsal Phalanx/phalanges Anatomy and Physiology Muscles Types Skeletal Smooth Heart Tendons Origin Insertion Antagonistic muscles Flexor and extensor muscles Synergistic muscles Abduction and Adduction Flexion and extension Sternocleidomastoid muscle Pathology Supination Pronation Eversion Inversion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Polydactyly Syndactyly Spina bifida occulta Talipes Torticollis talipes polydactyly syndactyly Pathology Pathology Terms related to bone disease Terms related to joint disease Osteomalacia Osteomyelitis Osteoporosis Bunion Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Osteopenia Rickets osteoporosis Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Pathology, continued Spinal disorders Back Pain Osteoarthritis Dorsalgia – upper back pain Lumbago – lower back pain – Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Rheumatoid arthritis Malcurvatures of the spine Scoliosis – sideways, “S” curve Lordosis - swayback Kyphosis - humpback RA joints affected by osteoarthritis Pathology Pathology Ankylosing spondylitis Herniated intervertebral disk Sciatica Spinal stenosis narrowing Spondylolisthesis slipping Spondylosis stiffening spinal stenosis sciatica Pathology Terms related to muscle disorders Contracture Fibromyalgia Myasthenia gravis Polymyositis Pathology Strain - muscle Sprain - ligament Dislocation - bone out of joint Subluxation - bone partially out of joint Pathology Trauma Pathology Fractures Impacted Hairline Greenstick Fractures Pathologic Comminuted Compression Colles Complicated Pathology Terms related to benign neoplasm Osteoma - bone Chondroma - cartilage Leiomyoma - smooth muscle Rhabdomyoma - skeletal muscle Imaging Arthrography Arthroscopy Computed tomography scan Terms related to malignant neoplasms Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Diagnostic Procedures arthroscopy chondrosarcoma Diagnostic Procedures, continued DEXA scan Electromyography (EMG) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Myelogram X-ray Diagnostic Procedures, continued Laboratory tests Rheumatoid factor test Serum calcium DEXA scan Therapeutic Interventions Setting fractures Malunion and nonunion Sequestrum Débridement Fixation Internal External Reduction Open Closed Myorrhaphy Osteoclasis Osteoplasty Spondylosyndesis Tenomyoplasty Therapeutic Interventions Arthrocentesis Arthrodesis Arthroplasty Amputation Prosthesis prosthesis prosthesis Therapeutic Interventions Bunionectomy Bunionectomy Therapeutic Interventions Total hip replacement (THR) Total knee replacement (TKR) Kyphoplasty Laminectomy Kyphoplasty Laminectomy TKR TKR Pharmacology Analgesics - reduce pain Antiinflammatories - reduce inflammation and pain Antirheumatics - manage symptoms of RA Bisphosphonates - treat osteoporosis, bone cancer Disease - modifying antirheumatic drugs - slows progression of RA Muscle relaxants - relieve pain from muscle spasms