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Unit VII Study Guide- American Imperialism
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List the ideas that fueled American Imperialism.
How were yellow journalists able to influence Americans’ opinions on foreign policy?
The person who urged the government to build up its naval power was
Which treaty ended the Spanish American War?
Why did Theodore Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
What was the de Lôme letter?
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Who was affected by the Foraker Act?
What was the “Open Door Notes” and who wrote it?
The Treaty of Paris in 1898 gave independence for which country?
Who is Liliuokalani?
Which President formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii?
Who proclaimed Hawaii as an American territory?
Who were the Rough Riders?
What is the Platt Amendment?
What is the Roosevelt Corollary?
What is the Panama Canal?
18. What is Dollar Diplomacy?
19. What is Yellow Journalism?
20. What is a protectorate?
21. What is Social Darwinism?
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William McKinley
Grover Cleveland
Alfred T. Mahan
Liliuokalani
John Hay
George Dewey
Theodore Roosevelt
People
Writing Prompt (Due a week after the test)
Historians and Political Scientists debate on whether or not America is an empire. Based on what
you have learned from this Chapter construct a 5 paragraph essay with your stance on the debate. Be
sure to use evidence and cite your evidence. Example: “America is an empire” (Notes Chap 10 Sec 1)
Topic/Objective:
Students will be able to…
1. understand how individuals and events moved the
United States into the role of a world power
Name:
Class / Period:
Date:
Essential Question:
Explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism?
Questions:
Imperialism and America (10.1)
Americans had always sought to expand the size of their nation
By 1880s, many American leaders had become convinced that the US should join
the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas
Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political,
or military control over weaker territories
Europe had been establishing colonies for centuries
Africa was a prime target (only two countries – Ethiopia and Liberia - were
independent)
Competed in Asia (China)
Imperialism grew on most Americans (Manifest Destiny)
Three Factors Fueled American Imperialism:
1. desire for military strength
2. wanting new markets
3. belief in cultural superiority
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
Military expansion of European powers led U.S. do the same
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
 urged government to build up its naval power
 U.S. built 9 steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890
 3rd largest naval power in the world
overproduction in the U.S. led to the view that factories needed raw materials
surplus U.S. products needed to be sold in new markets
Imperialists thought it was a solution to unemployment / depression
cultural factors also were used to justify imperialism
Three Factors:
1. Social Darwinism philosophy “survival of the fittest”
2. belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxons
3. U.S. had a “responsibility” to expand and spread Christianity and civilization
to the world’s “inferior people”
Alaska
 William Seward – Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew
h
Johnson
 1867 - U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (2 cents an acre)
 some thought it was silly…”Seward’s Folly”
 1959 Alaska became a state
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
Protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger
power
Protectorate in 1849
military naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 – kingdoms best port
businesses organized a revolution against Queen Liliuokalani
she proposed removing property requirements from voting
Marines helped overthrow the Queen
President Cleveland refused to consider annexation - had unsuccessfully ordered
her throne restored
McKinley takes over and favors annexation of Hawaii (1898)
1959 Hawaii becomes the 50th state
Summary:
American Empire Guided Reading – Chapter Ten Section Two - “The Spanish-American War”
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Cubans Rebel Against Spain
By the end of the 19th century, Spain - ________________________________________________________ - had lost
most of its colonies.
2. The United States had long held an interest in __________ where American capitalists began investing
millions of dollars in ______________________________________________________________________________.
3. ___________________ launched a revolution in 1895. Many business people wanted the government to
support Spain in order to protect their _________________________.
II. War Fever Escalates
1. In 1896, Spain responded to the Cuban revolt by sending in _________________________ to restore order.
2. Weyler’s actions fueled a war over __________________________________________________________________.
3. >> ________________________________ had been trying to lure and enrage readers by writing exaggerated news
that talked about the brutality (poisoned wells / children being thrown to the sharks).
4. _____________________________ sympathy deepened for the rebels.
5. _____________________________ are able to influence American’s opinions on foreign policy by presenting an
exaggerated version of the truth in order to manipulate the emotions of their readers.
6. >> The ___________________________ angered the American public because of its criticism of President
McKinley (“weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”).
7. >> On February 15, 1898, __________________________, which led McKinley to ask Congress to declare war.
III. War with Spain Erupts
1. On April 20th, the United States declared war on __________________________.
2. The battle took place in a Spanish colony on the other side of the world - ____________________________.
3. _____________________ destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila within hours of attack; showed superiority of the
Navy.
4. The war in the Caribbean began with a _____________________________________________________________.
5. The navy was strong; the _______________ had a small professional force (more volunteers).
6. The army lacked supplies and good leaders; _______________________________ - who had a tendency to spend
their time recalling their experiences instead of training the volunteers.
7. Despite these handicaps, American forces landed in _____________ in June 1898.
8. Rough Riders were a ________________________________________________________________________________
9. In July, the battle of ___________________________________________ was won with help from two African
American Regiments.
10. The United States invaded ____________________________ on July 25th.
11. >> In 1898, a cease-fire agreement called the __________________________________ was created; it ended the
fifteen weeks of fighting and the __________________________________________.
12. At the peace talks:
a. ____________________________________________________
b. turned over the islands of __________________ in the Pacific and ______________________ in the West
Indies to the ___________________________________.
c. Spain also sold the ________________________ to the United States for _______________ dollars.
Essential Question: Describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
Topic/Objective:
Students will be able to…
1. understand how individuals and events moved the
United States into the role of a world power
Name:
Class / Period:
Date:
Essential Question:
Do you think that the Open Door notes policy was beneficial to the United States? Justify your answer.
Questions:
Acquiring New Lands (10.3)
Puerto Rico (1898 – 1916)
 not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence - some wanted statehood or
American territory
 strategically important for maintaining a presence in the Caribbean and
protecting a future canal across the Isthmus of Panama
 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act
Foraker Act: the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government
Cuba 1898 – 1903
 when the U.S. declared war against Spain in 1898, it recognized Cuba’s
independence from Spain
Teller Amendment: no intention of taking over any part of Cuba
 Treaty of Paris gave independence
 still occupied by troops after the war
 in early 1900, the newly formed Cuban government wrote a constitution for
the independent Cuba
 constitution did not specify the relationship between Cuba and the United States
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
Cuba 1898 – 1903 (continued)
Platt Amendment:
specified Cuba – American relationship
 U.S. would not take out troops until the Platt Amendment was adopted
 Cuba became a U.S. protectorate (similar to that of a colony)
 remember “ a Protectorate is a country whose affairs are partially
controlled by a stronger power”
The Philippines 1898 - 1945
 Philippines outraged at the Treaty of Paris - thought U.S. promised
independence
 February 1899 Filipinos revolted – led by Emilio Aguinaldo and used
guerrilla tactics
 U.S. took on role the Spanish had - forced Filipinos to live in designated
zones where poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed thousands
 U.S. used the very same practice that Americans had condemned Spain for
using in Cuba
 took Americans nearly three years to put down the rebellion
 after putting down the rebellion, a government similar to Puerto Rico was
established
 became an independent republic on July 4th, 1946
China Open Door Policy (1900)
 U.S. imperialists saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia
 concerned that China would be carved into colonies = shut out of
American traders
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
China Open Door Policy (continued)
 U.S. Secretary of State (John Hay) issued a series of policy statements in 1899
Open Door Notes:
messages sent to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France,
Italy, and Japan proposing countries share trading rights
 no one would have a monopoly on any one part of China (Open Door Policy)
resentment of European dominance in China’s large cities
Chinese formed secret societies – pledged to rid country of “foreign devils”
Boxer Rebellion: rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought
to free their country from Western influence
Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners, as well as Chinese
converts to Christianity
after the Boxer Rebellion, the United States feared that European nations would
use their victory to take even greater control of China
John Hay issued a second series of Open Door Notes
 U.S. “would safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial
trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire”
 open door for more American influence in Asia
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
Three American Beliefs – U.S. Industrial Capitalist Economy
1. growth of U.S. economy depended on exports
2. U.S. had the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open
3. feared that closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas
threatened U.S. survival
Summary:
Topic/Objective:
Students will be able to…
1. understand how individuals and events moved the
United States into the role of a world power
Name:
Class / Period:
Date:
Essential Question:
Which president - Roosevelt or Wilson - had the best diplomacy policy? Justify your answer.
Hint: Roosevelt = "big stick" (Europe stay out of Americas affairs) or Wilson = "missionary diplomacy" (Latin
America set up democracies).
Questions:
America as a World Power (10.4)
Roosevelt became President in 1901 when William McKinley was assassinated
Roosevelts wants to stop imperial powers from controlling the world’s political and
economic destiny
built on the Open Door notes—increase American influence in East Asia by
mediating a settlement between Russia and Japan
Russo – Japanese War
 Russia and Japan were imperialist powers competing for control of Korea
 Japan won a series of battles (running low on men and money)
 Japan asked Theodore Roosevelt to mediate negotiations
 Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his successful
efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth
 U.S. and Japanese interests expanded in East Asia
Panama Canal
 many Americans felt that the United States needed a canal cutting across
Central America
 shortcut needed between Atlantic and Pacific to reduce travel time for
commercial and military ships
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
Panama Canal (continued)
 Columbia ruled Panama (negotiations failed)
 Panama rebellion organized against Columbia
 1903 – U.S. warships present as Panama declared independence
 United States pays $10 million plus $250,000 per year
 construction ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats
 disease – yellow fever and malaria – 5,600 dead
 dangerous working conditions
 cost $ 380,000,000
 opened in 1914
 damage to U.S.–Latin American relations due to American support of the
rebellion in Panama
 Congress ended up paying Columbia $25 million for compensation of lost
territory
financial factors drew the US further into Latin-American affairs
many Latin American countries borrowed money from European banks –
railroads / develop industry
Roosevelt did not want them to get involved if they could not pay
reminded them of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine – demanded European countries
stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations
Roosevelt Corollary: extension of the Monroe Doctrine claims the right to protect its
economic interest by means of military intervention
Summary:
Questions:
Notes:
Dollar Diplomacy
 exercised police power several times in the 1910’s
 William Taft followed policy of guaranteeing loans made to other
countries by American businesses people
Dollar Diplomacy: the U.S. power of using the nation’s economic power to
exert influence over other countries
 used to justify keeping Europe out of the Caribbean
Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
 gave Monroe Doctrine a moral tone
 moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American
government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to the U.S.
 pressured the Western Hemisphere to establish democracies
Foreign Policy Achievements (early 20th century)
1. Expanded access to overseas markets (continue to grow the economy)
2. Built a modern navy to protect interests
3. Exercised international police power to dominate Latin America
Summary: