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Western Australian Certificate of Education
Examination, 2012
ANCIENT HISTORY
Stage 3
DOCUMENT BOOKLET
Copyright © School Curriculum and Standards Authority 2012
Ref: 12-009
ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
2
DOCUMENT BOOKLET
DOCUMENTS FOR QUESTION 1
Unit 3A—Societies and change
Set 1
Egypt : Dynasty 18 to 21 (c.1560 BCE–945 BCE).
Source 1:
Then the vizier was ordered to hasten the army of his majesty [Ramses II], while they were
marching on the south of Shabtuna, in order to bring them to the place where his majesty was.
While his majesty sat talking with the princes, the vanquished1 chief of Kheta came, and the
numerous countries, which were with him. They crossed over the channel on the south of
Kadesh, and charged into the army of his majesty while they were marching, and not expecting
it. Then the infantry and chariots of his majesty retreated before them, northward to the place
where his majesty was. Lo [And so], the foes of the vanquished chief of Kheta surrounded the
bodyguard of his majesty, who were by his side.
When his majesty saw them, he was enraged against them, like his father, Montu, lord of
Thebes. He seized the adornments of battle, and arrayed [dressed] himself in his coat of mail.
He was like Baal in his hour. Then he betook [took] himself. He charged into the foes of the
vanquished [defeated] chief of Kheta, and the numerous countries which were with him. His
majesty was like Sutekh, the great in strength, smiting2 and slaying among them. His majesty
hurled them headlong, one upon another into the water of the Orontes.
I charged all countries, while I was alone, my infantry and my chariotry having forsaken [left] me.
Not one among them stood to turn about. I swear, as Re loves me, as my father, Atum, favors
me, that, as for every matter which his majesty has stated, I did it in truth, in the presence of my
infantry and my chariotry.
Battle of Kadesh – part of an inscription from the temple of Amun at Karnak.
J.H. Breasted, (1906), pp. 145–7.
1
vanquished – defeated
2
smiting – hitting hard
Source 2:
Now as regards the time of Muwutallis the Great Ruler of Hatti, my brother, he fought with
[Ramses II], the Great Ruler of Egypt. But now, as from today, behold Hattusil … [makes] a
treaty to establish the relationship which Re made and which Seth made – the land of Egypt with
the land of Hatti – to prevent hostilities arising between them, forever.
Behold Hattusil III … binds himself by treaty to Ramesses II [Ramses II] … beginning from today,
in order to create peace and good brotherhood between us forever – he being friendly and at
peace with me, and I being friendly and at peace with him, forever …
The Great Ruler of Hatti shall never trespass1 against the land of Egypt, to take anything from it.
Ramesses II … shall never trespass against the land of Hatti, to take anything from it.
As for the standing treaty that was current in the time of Suppiluliuma [I] … likewise the standing
treaty which existed in the time of Muwatallis, I now adhere2 to it.
Behold, Ramesses II … [also] adheres to it. The peace which has become ours together,
beginning from today, we adhere to it and we shall act in accord with this regular relationship.
1
2
trespass – act unlawfully
adhere – literally to uphold it.
Extract from the treaty between Egypt and the Hittites.
K.A. Kitchen, (1982), p. 78.
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DOCUMENT BOOKLET
3
ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Source 3:
Image showing Ramses II attacking a Hittite fortress. The image was drawn from
images located on the walls of the Ramesseum at Karnak.
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ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Set 2 4
DOCUMENT BOOKLET
Greece: Athenian democracy and Empire from the creation of the
Delian League to the revolt of Samos in 440/39 BCE.
Source 1:
There [in Athens] the poor and the people generally are right to have more than the highborn
and wealthy for the reason that it is the people who man the ships and impart strength to
the city; the steersmen, the boatswains1, the sub-boatswains, the look-out officers, and the
shipwright – these are the ones who impart strength to the city far more than the hoplites, the
high-born, and the good men. This being the case, it seems right for everyone to have a share in
the magistracies, both allotted and elective, for anyone to be able to speak his mind if he wants
to. Then there are those magistracies which bring safety or danger to the people as a whole
depending on whether or not they are well managed: of these the people claim no share (they
do not think they should have an allotted share in the generalships or cavalry commands). For
these people realize that there is more to be gained from their not holding these magistracies but
leaving them instead in the hands of the most influential men. However, such magistracies as
are salaried2 and domestically profitable the people are keen to hold.
Old Oligarch, The Constitution of the Athenians, 1.2–3.
(The Old Oligarch was the author of a political pamphlet who is thought to have lived in the mid
to late 5th century BCE and was probably an Athenian. His pamphlet was most likely written
between c. 431 and 413 BCE.)
1
2
boatswain – an officer on a ship in charge of equipment and the crew.
salaried – paid a fixed amount
Source 2:
The constitution remained under the leadership of the Areopagites [Areopagus] for about
seventeen years after the Persian War [i.e. for 17 years from 479 BCE], although it was being
gradually modified. But as the population increased, Ephialtes son of Sophonides, having
become head of the People and having the reputation of being incorruptible and just in regard
to the constitution, attacked the Council. First he made away with many of the Areopagites by
bringing legal proceedings against them about their acts of administration; then in the archonship
of Conon he stripped the Council of all its added powers which made it the safeguard of the
constitution, and assigned some of them to the Five Hundred and others to the People and to
the jury-courts.
Aristotle. Athenian Constitution, 25.1.
(Aristotle [c. 384 – 322 BCE] was a Greek philosopher and writer of constitutional and other
works. He lived in Athens for significant periods of his life.)
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DOCUMENT BOOKLET
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ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Source 3:
The aristocratic party had already recognized for some time that Pericles was now the most
important man in Athens and that he wielded far more power than any other citizen. But they
were anxious that there should be someone in the city capable of standing up to him so as
to blunt the edge of his authority and prevent it from becoming an outright monarchy. They
therefore put forward Thucydides, of Alopece, a man of good sense and a relative of Cimon,
to lead the opposition … Pericles therefore chose this moment to hand over the reins of
power to the people to a greater extent than ever before and deliberately shaped his policy to
please them. He constantly provided public pageants, banquets, and processions in the city,
entertaining the people like children with elegant pleasures; and he sent out sixty triremes to
cruise every year, in which many of the citizens served with pay for eight months and learned
and practised seamanship at the same time.
Plutarch. Life of Pericles, 11.
(Plutarch was a Greek biographer who lived between the middle of the first and second centuries
CE.)
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ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Set 3
6
DOCUMENT BOOKLET
Rome: Augustus from the first settlement of Augustus in
27 BCE to his death in 14 CE.
Source 1:
The existing laws that Augustus revised, and the new ones that he enacted, dealt, among other
matters, with extravagance, adultery, unchastity, bribery, and the encouragement of marriage in
the Senatorial and Equestrian Orders. His marriage law being more rigorously framed than the
others, he found himself unable to make it effective because of an open revolt against several of
its clauses. He was therefore obliged to withdraw or amend certain penalties exacted for a failure
to marry; to increase the rewards he offered for large families; and to allow a widow, or widower,
three years’ grace before having to marry again.
Suetonius. Life of Augustus, 34.
(Suetonius was a Roman biographer who lived in the first and second centuries CE.)
Source 2:
It was next proposed to mitigate1 the Papian-Poppaean law [introduced in 9 CE]. This had been
authorized by Augustus in his later years, as a supplement2 to the Julian legislation [introduced
in 18 BCE], to tighten the sanctions3 against celibacy, and to increase revenue. It had failed,
however, to popularize marriage and the raising of families – childlessness was too attractive.
Tacitus. Annals, 3.25.
(Tacitus was a Roman historian; who lived between the middle of the first and second
centuries CE.)
mitigate – reduce the harshness
supplement – an additional part
3
sanctions – laws and penalties
1
2
Source 3:
He [Augustus] imposed heavier penalties upon unmarried men and women, and on the other
hand offered rewards for marriage and the procreation of children. And since the free-born
population contained far more males than females, he allowed all those who so desired – with
the exception of senators – to marry freedwomen [women who had been freed from slavery], and
directed that their offspring should be regarded as legitimate. Meanwhile there was an outcry in
the Senate concerning the unseemly behaviour both of the women and of the young men; this
conduct was cited as a reason for their unwillingness to accept the marriage bond.
Cassius Dio. Histories, 54.16.
(Dio was a member of the Roman senate and wrote a history of Rome. He was born c. 164 CE
and died some time after 229 CE.)
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DOCUMENT BOOKLET
7
ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
DOCUMENTS FOR QUESTION 2
Unit 3B—People, ideas and events that shaped history
Set 4
Egypt: The Amarna ‘Revolution’ from the rise of the Cult of
Aten during the 18th Dynasty to the death of Horemheb
(c. 1295 BCE).
Source 1:
A house altar from the city of Akhetaten showing Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their daughters.
From the Amarna period, c. 1350 BCE. The altar is stored in the
Egyptian Museum of Berlin, Germany.
Source 2:
Graven1 images, the king [Akhenaten] pronounced, were man-made, albeit2 produced in
accordance with age-old, prescribed patterns, the reality was that they came and went, no
matter how precious and incorruptible the material. The only external was the originator of it
For copyright reasons this text cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
all – the primordial3 god Atum, immanent4 in the solar disc, the Aten, which was reborn each
and every day without fail. And within this sun, as other evidence suggests, in Akenaten’s belief
resided the very essence of kingship itself”.
N. Reeves, (2005). Akenaten: Egypt’s False Prophet, p. 140.
Graven – carved
albeit – although
3
primordial – from the beginning of all things
4
immanent – living in
1
2
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ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Set 5
DOCUMENT BOOKLET
8
Greece: The Peloponnesian War from 440/39 BCE to the
surrender of Athens in 404/03 BCE.
Source 1:
At the beginning of the following summer [430 BCE] the Peloponnesians and their allies …
invaded Attica, again under the command of the Spartan King Archidamus … They had not been
many days in Attica before the plague first broke out among the Athenians. Previously attacks
of the plague had been reported from many other places … but there was no record of the
disease being so virulent1 anywhere else or causing so many deaths as it did in Athens. At the
beginning the doctors were quite incapable of treating the disease because of their ignorance of
the right methods … Nor was any other human art or science of any help at all. Equally useless
were prayers made in the temples, consultation of oracles, and so forth … As to the question
of how it could first have come about or what causes can be found adequate to explain its
powerful effect on nature, I must leave that to be considered by other writers, with or without
medical experience. I myself shall merely describe what it was like, and set down the symptoms,
knowledge of which will enable it to be recognized, if it should ever break out again.
Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War, 2.47–48.
(Thucydides was an Athenian general and historian who lived from c. 460 to c.395 BCE.)
1
virulent – highly infective
Source 2:
Until today, all data pertaining to the cause of the plague that devastated Athens in 430 – 426 BC
are based on the account of the epidemic, as reported by the fifth century BC Greek historian
Thucydides, who himself was taken ill with the plague but recovered. Despite Thucydides’
detailed description, researchers have not managed to agree on the identity of the plague. The
medical puzzle about the actual cause of the Plague of Athens, which brought forward the death
of Pericles, has remained until now, unresolved. In 1994–95 a mass burial site containing at
least 150 dead bodies was excavated in the Kerameikos ancient cemetery of Athens. The hasty
manner of the burial as well as the chronology of the few burial offerings, have linked this site
with the outbreak of the plague. The study of recovered human skeletal remains has enabled the
detection of microbial DNA fragments in ancient skeletal material. Dental pulp has been shown
to be a suitable sample for the recovery of adequate genetic material. The results of the study
[of the dental pulp] incriminate1 typhoid fever2 as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens.
Considering the overcrowding and insanitary conditions within the walls of the besieged Athens,
a typhoid epidemic would have been likely to break out either as the solitary cause of the plague
or as a minor epidemic adjunct3 to a yet unidentified agent of the major one. However, additional
investigation of DNA material from the Kerameikos mass grave is needed to further test the
results of this study.
M.J. Papagrigorakis, et al. (2006), pp. 207–13.
incriminate – provide evdience of
typhoid fever – an infectious bacterial fever
1
adjunct – in addition
1
1
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DOCUMENT BOOKLET
Set 6
9
ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Rome: The Julio-Claudians from the death of Augustus in
14 CE to the death of Nero in 68 CE.
Source 1:
Claudius delayed no longer [in making his decision to marry his niece, Agrippina II]. After
receiving the crowd’s congratulations in the Forum, he entered the senate to request a decree
legalizing future marriages with a brother’s daughter … From this moment the country was
transformed. Complete obedience was accorded to a woman – and not a woman like Messalina
who toyed with national affairs to satisfy her appetites. This was a rigorous, almost masculine
despotism1. In public, Agrippina was austere2 and often arrogant. Her private life was chaste –
unless power was to be gained. Her passion to acquire money was unbounded. She wanted it
as a stepping-stone to supremacy.
Tacitus. Annals, 12.7.
(Tacitus was a Roman historian who lived in the first and second centuries CE.)
1
2
despotism – absolute authority
austere – severe
Source 2:
For copyright reasons this text cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
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ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
10
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DOCUMENT BOOKLET
DOCUMENT BOOKLET
Set 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ANCIENT HISTORY
STAGE 3
Source 1
Breasted, J.H. (Ed. & Trans.). (1906). Ancient records of Egypt: Historical
documents from the earliest times to the Persian conquest (Volume III). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, pp. 146–147.
Source 2
Kitchen, K.A. (1982). Pharaoh triumphant: The life and times of Ramesses II.
Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, p. 78.
Source 3
Cheyne, T.K., & Black, J.S. (Eds). (1903). Encyclopaedia Biblica. New York:
Macmillan. Retrieved July, 2012, from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C+B-Egypt-Fig4RamsesAttacksHittiteDapur.PNG.
Set 2
Source 1
Xenophon. (1984). Xenophon in seven volumes (Volume 7). (E.C. Marchant &
G.W. Bowersock, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved
July, 2012, from www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=
Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0158&redirect=true.
Source 2
Aristotle. (1952). Aristotle in 23 volumes (Volume 20). (H. Rackham, Trans.).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved July, 2012, from
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/
text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0046%3Achapter%3D25.
Source 3
Adapted from: Plutarch. (1960). The rise and fall of Athens: Nine Greek lives.
(I. Scott-Kilvert, Trans.). London: Penguin, pp. 176–177.
Set 3
Source 1
Adapted from: Suetonius. (1989). The twelve Caesars. (R. Graves, Trans.).
London: Penguin, p. 73.
Source 2
Adapted from: Tacitus. (1996). The annals of imperial Rome. (M. Grant, Trans.).
London: Penguin, pp. 131–132.
Source 3
Adapted from: Cassius Dio. (1987). The Roman history: The reign of Augustus.
(I. Scott-Kilvert, Trans.). London: Penguin, p. 169.
Set 4
Source 1
Praefcke, A. (2006). File:House Altar Akhenaten Nefertiti Berlin.jpg
[Photograph]. Retrieved July, 2012, from http://commons.wikimedia
.org/wiki/File:House_Altar_Akhenaten_Nefertiti_Berlin.jpg.
Source 2
Reeves, N. (2005). Akhenaten: Egypt’s false prophet. London: Thames &
Hudson, p. 140.
Set 5
Source 1
Adapted from: Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War. (R. Warner,
Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp. 151–152.
Source 2
Adapted from: Papagrigorakis, M.J., Yapijakis, C., Synodinos, P.N., &
Baziotopoulou-Valavani, E. (2006). DNA examination of ancient dental pulp
incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10(3), pp. 207–213. Retrieved July,
2012, from www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S1201971205001785.
Set 6
Source 1
Adapted from: Tacitus. (1996). The annals of imperial Rome. (M. Grant, Trans.).
London: Penguin Books, pp. 254–255.
Source 2
Adapted from: Barrett, A.A. (1999). Agrippina. Sex, power, and politics in the
early empire. London: Routledge, pp. 103–105.
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