Download PDF UNIT 2A Organic Chem. Intro

Today 1/21
 Grab an iRemote
 Get your journal
 Turn in water lab and H2O R.A.F.T to basket
 In your journal for today, explain this picture using
what we learned about properties of water yesterday:
Quiz: Thurs 1/21 
1. Your saliva measures 7 on the pH scale, it is a(n) ___ solution?
a. acidic
b. basic
c. neutral
2. The ___ property of water helps in the formation of soil.
a. capillary action
b. expansion during freezing c. evaporative cooling
3. Laundry detergent typically has a pH of 3 which indicates a(n) ___
solution?
a. acidic
b. basic
c. neutral
4. The use of ___ helps to maintain a certain pH in our bodies maintaining
homeostasis.
a. buffers
b. bases
c. acids
5. The ___ property of water removes heat helping to cool your skin through
sweating.
a. capillary action b. evaporation
c. cohesion
What are ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?
Def: made by cells & contain CARBON.
Inorganic= no carbon
# of valence electrons in outer shell of
electron cloud determines an elements
chemical properties- how it reacts/behaves
with other elements.
Remember from Friday…
Carbon can make 4 bonds
Nitrogen can make 3 bonds
Oxygen can make 2 bonds
Hydrogen can make 1 bond
Why is CARBON
important?
 Carbon is a very diverse element because…



It can make four bonds with other elements
It can form single & double bonds
It can have many types of arrangements (branched,
unbranched, isomers)
 Carbon and other elements can bond together to make
HYDROCARBONS…
What are HYDROCARBONS?
 Def: Organic
Compounds only
made of H and C
 Usually has chains of
C’s which form a
CARBON BACKBONE.
The CARBON BACKBONES are circled below…
HYDROCARBONS can be:
 Branched
 Unbranched
HYDROCARBONS can be: 1-Butene
 ISOMERS- have same
formula but different
structure.
 (Can you see why the
first picture is 1-Butene
and 2nd picture is 2Butene?)
2-Butene
HYDROCARBONS can:
 Form ring structures
 Hydrocarbons are the “backbone” of
most molecules.
 The thing that makes a molecule
different is its FUNCTIONAL GROUP
 This is what gives the molecule its
individualized properties.
This is the
hydrocarbon
 Think about it this way…
 The hydrocarbon is like your last name- most everyone
in your immediate family shares the same last name but
it’s your first name that makes you different. So your
first name is like the functional group. It’s what makes
the molecule unique.
“backbone”
This is a
functional
group that
makes it an
individual
What are FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?
 Def: groups of atoms that participate in chemical
reactions
 4 important functional groups:
1. HYDROXYL GROUP
 O-H
 Oxygen end bonds to carbon skeleton
 Called Alcohols
 Found in sugars; water-soluble vitamins
2. CARBONYL GROUP
Formaldehyde
 C=O
 Found in sugars
 Two kinds:
 ALDEHYDE carbonyl group is at end of chain

Ex: formaldehyde
 KETONE carbonyl group is within the
chain

Ex: ketones in urine
Acetone
3. CARBOXYL GROUP
 C=OOH
 Acts as acid donating H+ to solutions.
 Called carboxylic acids
 Found in amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, vitamins.
Acetic Acid
4. AMINO GROUP
 NH2
 Acts as a base picking up H+ from a solution.
 Called amines
 Found in amino
acids, proteins,
urea
The CARBON BACKBONES and the
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS combine to make
MACROMOLECULES…
PROTEIN
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACID
CARBOHYDRATES
What are MACROMOLECULES?
 Def: large, biological molecules that are used to build
new cell parts, secretions, etc.
 Four types:
 Proteins- made up of amino acids
 Carbohydrates (a.k.a. Polysaccharides)- made up of
monosaccharides
 Nucleic acids- made up of nucleotides
 Lipids- made up of glycerol and fatty acids
WHAT DO ALL FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
HAVE IN COMMON?
 All are “made up” of something.
 Cells make macromolecules by joining long chains of
organic molecules together to form POLYMERS.
 The subunits that make up polymers are called
MONOMERS.
 The arrangement of and joining of monomers creates
trillions of different types polymers.
This entire chain is called a
POLYMER… one piece
(circled) is a MONOMER.
ANALOGIES
 My colorful plastic baby toy on my desk is a
representation of a polymer. Each individual toy
would be a monomer subunit.
 Create your own analogy for a polymer and monomer.
How are polymers created in the cell?
 Cells JOIN monomers to
create polymers by
dehydration synthesis.
 All unlinked monomers have
H atoms at one end and
hydroxyl groups (OH) at
other end.
 When a monomer is added…
 an H and OH is removed. This
creates a molecule of H2O
(water)
 a covalent bond is formed btwn
molecules. (glucose & fructose)
 New polymer is created
(sucrose)
Dehydration Synthesis
How are monomers created in
the cell?
 Cells BREAK polymers apart
into monomers by
hydrolysis. (How food is
digested in your stomach)
 Cells break bonds by adding
H2O to them.
 When a polymer is broken…
 Water is split into an OH group
and H group

OH group is added to one
monomer & H is added to the
other
 the covalent bond is broken
(btween sucrose)
 2 new products are formed
(glucose & fructose)
Hydrolysis
Quiz
A __ reaction involves the addition of water.
a. dehydration b. hydrolysis c. polar
2. A polymer is made up of ___.
a. monomers b. trionomers c. pentonomers
3. The ___ group is made up of OH.
a. carbonyl b. carboxyl c. hydroxyl
4. The ___ group is made up of COOH.
a. carbonyl b. carboxyl c. hydroxyl
5. When compounds have the same formula, but
different structures they are ___.
a. clones b. isomers c. isotopes
1.