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Study Guide for Honors Marine Science Name: Each unit on this study guide covers the material that is on one test. You should know general facts for each unit. The terms and definitions are vocabulary words that you are to define or explain and there are also questions to be answered for each unit. This will be graded before each test. Unit 1 Part A Terms and Definitions: Marianas Trench, Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle, Asthenosphere, Convection Currents, Oceanic Crust, Continental Crust, Lithosphere, Plate Tectonics, Divergent Boundary, Sea Floor Spreading, Convergent Boundary, Transform Boundary, Himalayas Questions to Answer: How much of the Earth's surface is ocean? How much of the water on the Earth's surface is ocean? What is the breakdown of sea and land in the two hemispheres? Part B Terms and Definitions: Cartographer, Chart, Library of Alexandra, Hypatia, Eratosthenes, Ptolemy Questions to Answer: Why did people explore the ocean? Where did the word “ocean” come from? According to the textbook, what advances in ocean exploration did non-European cultures make? Part C Terms and Definitions: Sediment, Terrigenous, Biogenous, Hydrogenous, Evaporites, Cosmogenous, Turbidity Currents, Siliceous Ooze, Questions to Answer: What kind of sediments form oil? What are the most and least common types of sediments? Why does the Atlantic have more sediments? Laboratory: Be able to identify the sediments. Part D Terms and Definitions: Conservative Constituents, Nonconservative Constituents, Calcium Carbonate Questions to Answer: How much salt is in sea water? Describe the ways that salt water properties are different from fresh water properties. Why doesn't the ocean get very salty? Gasses dissolve best in what kind of water? Where does most of the oxygen in sea water come from? What do sea creatures turn carbon dioxide into? What is the pH of salt water? Part E Terms and Definitions: Mixed Layer, Middle Layer, Thermocline, Halocline, Pycnocline, Deep Zone, Photic, Aphotic, Sonar Questions to Answer: What are the physical properties of water? How much of the sun's energy actually hits the earth's surface? What is the difference between sunlight hitting the equator and the poles? Name and describe the ways that water gets denser. Which layer has photosynthetic organisms? What happens when light and sound waves hit different water layers? What happens to light in the water? How does sonar work and why do animals use it? Part F Terms and Definitions: Weather, Climate, Humidity, Wind, Coriolus Effect, Trade Winds, Hadley Cells, Westerlies, Ferrel Cells, Easterlies, Polar Cells, Doldrums, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Monsoons, Storms, Extratropical Cyclones, Tropical Cyclones, Hurricane, Typhoon, Storm Surge Questions to Answer: How much water vapor can be in the atmosphere? How long does a water molecule stay in the atmosphere? What does air density do as humidity increases? What happens to water vapor as air rises at the equator? What does the Coriolus Effect do to air and cannonballs? Where do the cells not mix well, causing lots of bad weather? What is the land like around the equator and around the area where the air sinks? Where do tropical and extratropical cyclones form? What is the main cause of weather at mid latitudes? When do tropical storms become hurricanes and what stops them? Unit 2 Part A Terms and Definitions: Currents, Current Primary Forces, Current Secondary Forces, Ekman Spiral, Gyre, Western Boundary Currents, Cold Core Eddies, Warm Core Eddies, Eastern Boundary Currents, Transverse Currents, West Wind Drift, Equatorial Counter Current, Undercurrents, Upwelling, Downwelling, ENSO Event, La Nina, Global Ocean Conveyor Belt Questions to Answer: How do primary and secondary forces affect currents? How much of the ocean is involved in surface currents? What two factors influence surface currents and which is more important? Which gyre does not flow around the edge of an ocean? Why is there an equatorial counter current? Why are surface currents important? What is thermohaline circulation driven by? What are the five density layers? What do the deep currents do? Part B Terms and Definitions: Waves, Orbital Waves, Progressive Waves, Wave Crest, Trough, Height, Length, Period, Frequency, Disturbing Forces, Restoring Forces, Capillary Waves, Deep Water Waves, Transitional Waves, Shallow Water Waves, Fetch, Free Waves, Forced Wave, Rogue Wave, Surf, Surf Zone, Standing Wave, Internal Waves, Seiches, Tsunami Questions to Answer: What moves in waves? Explain the two types of wave interference. Why does a wave break and what are the different types of breaks? What causes a tsunami? Part C Terms and Definitions: Tide, Lunar Tide, Solar Tide, Spring Tide, Neap Tide, Semidiurnal Tide, Diurnal Tide, Mixed Tide, Tidal Datum, Meteorological Tide, Tidal Bore, Flood Current, Ebb Current, Slack Water, Maelstrom Questions to Answer: How do the moon and sun affect the tides? What are the wave properties of tides? Does tide have a wavelength? How long is the tide? Explain the tides’ influence on earth. Part D Terms and Definitions: Shore, Coast, Active Coast, Passive Coast, Primary Coast, Secondary Coast, Drowned River Valley, Fjord, Delta, Moraine, Sea Cliffs, Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Sea Stacks, Longshore Drift, Longshore Current, Beach, Landward Edge, Seaward Edge, Swash, Backwash, Barrier Island, Sea Island, Biological Coast, Breakwaters, Groynes, Seawalls, Renurishment, Jetties Questions to Answer: How can a coastline go up or down? How do you get a Primary Coast? What happens at Secondary Coasts? What are the characteristics of the three United States’ coasts? How do humans alter the coasts? Part E Terms and Definitions: Estuary, Salt Wedge Estuary, Well Mixed Estuary, Partially Mixed Estuary, Reverse Estuary Questions to Answer: What factors determine the characteristics of estuaries? Part F Questions to Answer: Know and describe the divisions of the Benthic Zone and the continental shelf. Know and describe the divisions of the Intertidal, Pelagic, and Oceanic Zones. Video Questions: Any questions from the video worksheets may be on the test. Unit 3 Part A Terms and Definitions: Photosynthesis, Primary Productivity, Chemosynthesis, Primary Producers, Autotrophs, Trophic Structures, Trophic Levels, Phytoplankton, Plankter, Plankton Bloom, Limiting Factor, Chlorophyll, Compensation Depth, Frustule, Bioluminescence, Red Tide, Zooplankton, Holoplankton, Meroplankton, Oxygen Minimum Zone, Viscosity, Drag Questions to Answer: Where is Primary Productivity high and low? Name and describe the representative Phytoplankton and Zooplankton. What size are Zooplankton? How does a plankter handle Viscosity? Part B Terms and Definitions: Thallus, Blade, Stipe, Holdfast, Gas Bladder, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta Questions to Answer: Describe the Algae and the problems they experience. Why are algae different colors? What are the commercial and pharmaceutical uses for Algae? Describe Sea Grasses and Mangroves. How do Mangroves affect the land? Part C Terms and Definitions: Porifera, Ectoderm, Choanocyte, Amoebocyte, Spicules, Spongin, Asconoid, Ostium, Spongocoel, Osculum, Syconoid, Leuconoid, Demospongiae, Encrusting Sponge, Boring Sponge, Gemmules, Spawn Questions to Answer: How do sponges defend themselves? Explain sponge regeneration. Part D Terms and Definitions: Cnidaria, Mesoglea, Gastrovascular Cavity, Polyp, Medusae, Cnidocyte, Nematocyst, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa Questions to Answer: What kinds of Nematocysts are there? Describe and give examples of each class of Cnidarians. Part E Terms and Definitions: Ctenophora, Ctene Questions to Answer: How do ctenophores move? Ctenophores are the first to have what kind of cells? Are ctenophores bioluminescent? Part F Terms and Definitions: Coelom, Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Eutely, Parthenogenesis, Nemertea, Annelida, Septa, Pharynx, Polychaeta, Parapodia, Setae, Errant Polychaetes, Sedentary Polychaetes, Histolysis, Atoke, Epitoke, Palolo Worms, Tube Worms Questions to Answer: The worms are the first to have what body systems? Describe the Segmented Worm’s muscles and circulatory system. What are the differences between sedentary and errant polychaetes? Describe the Different Tube Worm Tubes. Part G Terms and Definitions: Mollusca, Foot, Mantle Tissue, Shell, Calcium Carbonate, Mantle Cavity, Gills, Radula, Chitin, Auricle, Ventricle, Hemocyanin, Ganglia, Ocelli, Osphradium, Gastropoda, Coiling, Dextral, Sinestral, Torsion, Operculum, Siphon, Embryonic Cannibalism, Nudibranch, Pulmonates Questions to Answer: From now on we have what kind of tissue? Describe the mollusk nervous system and its sensory structures. How did the mollusks evolve? How does a shell grow? Describe their egg cases. Identify any distinguishing characteristics of the selected gastropods. Laboratory: Any laboratory question could be tested. Part H Terms and Definitions: Monoplacophora, Detorsion, Polyplacophora, Aplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Hinge, Umbo, Valve, Adductor Muscles, Byssal Gland, Shipworms Questions to Answer: What odd trait do the Monoplacophores share with a common ancestor? What group is believed to be related to them? Describe the Polyplacophore shell. Where do Aplacophores live? How do Bivalves use their foot and what is different in Bivalves that don’t burrow? How do bivalves use their siphon? Know the distinguishing characteristics of the representative mollusks. Part I Terms and Definitions: Cephalopoda, Arms, Tentacles, Funnel, Suckers, Beak, Chromatophores, Hectocotylus Arm, Nautilus, Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus Questions to Answer: How are Cephalopods different from other mollusks with their physiology, anatomy, and motility? Explain the Cephalopod shell. Describe the different cephalopods and their unique characteristics. How smart are Cephalopods? How are the Squid and Octopi’s habitats different? What is Cephalopod ink like and why do they use it? Laboratory: Any laboratory question could be tested. Unit 4 Part A Terms and Definitions: Arthropoda, Exoskeleton, Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut, Ecdysis, Exuvium Trilobitomorpha, Insecta, Chelicerata, Prosoma, Opisthosoma, Chelicerae, Pedipalp, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Ovigerous Legs, Carapace, Chelate, Book Gills, Telson Questions to Answer: What are the three characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda? How do scientists believe Arthropods evolved? Describe the Arthropod exoskeleton and explain how they move with it. How do arthropods molt? How do sea spiders perform excretion? Part B Terms and Definitions: Crustacea, Antennae, Biramous, Chromatophore, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca, Cephalothorax, Pereopods, Pleopods, Uropods, Stomatopoda, Subchelate, Raptorial, Brood, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Euphausiacea, Photophores Questions to Answer: What are the body regions of the Crustaceans? Describe a Crustacean appendage. Describe each representative crustacean and identify what makes it unique. Part C Terms and Definitions: Decapoda, Cardiac Stomach, Pyloric Stomach, Gill Bailers, Gill Scrapers, Statocyst, Compound Eye, Autotomy, Anomurans, Rostrom Questions to Answer: How do Decapods clean their gills? How do decapods determine gender and how can you tell the difference between the sexes? Describe the representative decapods and identify what makes them unique.
