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June 2010 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Summary of the White Paper on Manufacturing Industries (Monodzukuri) 2010 [ Chart 1-1 Changes in production volume from the recession ] (output at each economic peak being 100) [ Chart 1-2 Contribution of manufacturing industry production index by industry ] (%) Transport 30 130 Since January 1977 77年1月~ 120 0 From November 2000 00年11月~ Another prevailing trend is to select investment purposes in the light of the level of the market recovery by, for example, developing new products and making products more sophisticated at domestic bases and taking measures for capacity expansion at overseas bases. (Chart 1-4) -36-30-24-18-12 -6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 (Number (景気の谷of months from the economic trough) からの月数) Source: “Industrial Production Index,” Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. For descriptive purposes, February 2009 was set as 0 month. [ Chart 1-3 Correlation between the investment growth on a year-over-year basis and the capacity utilization index ] [ Chart 1-4 priorities in capital investment in fiscal 2010 ] (%) 120 30 (%) Index of producers’ inventory (left axis) (4) Employment The unemployment rate reached a record high of 5.6% in July 2009 and thereafter gradually declined to 5.0% in March 2010. The active job opening to applicant ratio reached a record low at 0.42 in August 2009 and thereafter rose to 0.49 in March 2010. In spite of this movement towards recovery, the job market still remains quite severe. (Chart 1-5) The excess employment sentiment of enterprises that expanded rapidly in the first half of 2009 has thereafter gradually shrunk. The proportion of enterprises which had implemented some form of employment adjustment was nearly 50% in the second quarter of 2009.In particular, the proportion reached 70% in manufacturing industries. However, thereafter, it has been on the decrease. (Chart 1-6) In order to improve the employment situation that still remains severe, the government formulated the “Emergency Package of Employment Measures ” in October 2009 and the “Emergency Economic Countermeasures for Future Growth and Security” in December of the same year. Measures to be undertaken by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare are as follows: 110 100 Investment growth on a year-over-year basis (right 設備投資額(前年同期比伸び率、右軸) axis) 70 稼働率指数(左軸) 60 b) Providing free vocational training for those who are not eligible to receive unemployment benefits, and providing training and livelihood support benefits during such training periods 50 10 40 0 30 ▲ 10 20 ▲ 20 10 ▲ 30 0 国内製造拠点(n=1,363) Domestic production base (n = 1,363) Overseas production base (n = 301) 海外製造拠点(n=301) 46.5 29.4 25.6 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 (year) (年) Source: “Industrial Production Index”, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; “Corporate Survey,” Ministry of Finance [ Chart 1-5 Changes in the unemployment rate and the active job opening to applicant ratio ] (Times) (倍) (%) 1.10 5.5 1.00 0.90 80 ( %) 26.0 19.2 15.6 9.6 14.6 4.6 0.80 (3) Strengthening support for new graduates (e.g. ,promoting the deployment of career counselors at high schools and universities) 0.70 2.3 調査産業計 All industries surveyed Manufacturing製造業 industries 70 5.0 (2) Strengthening support for the poor and needy (e.g., implementation of the “one-stop service day” on a trial basis) 5.1 1.3 そ 研 維 合 新 の 究 持 理 製 他 開 ・ 化 品 発 補 ・ ・ 修the Ministry of Economy, 省 Source: Survey by 製 Trade and Industry (February 2010) 力 品 Note: Data were taken from companies that indicated 化 that their capital investment in fiscal 2010 would 高 “increase” or “increase in some areas and decrease in 度 other areas” compared to that in fiscal 2009. 化 [ Chart 1-6 Changes in the proportion of enterprises that implemented employment adjustment ] 能 力 増 強 ▲ 40 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ(四半期) (Quarter) (1) Measures to maintain and create employment a) Easing the conditions for the subsidies for employment adjustment and for small and medium-sized enterprises for emergency employment stabilization 20 90 80 (Recession/ economic (景気後退・ recovery 回復期) period) Others In contrast with regard to capital investment, the utilization level remains low due to the low level of production and it has not yet reached a level where the capital investment would be recovered. (Chart 1-3) From October 2007 07年10月~ 60 Maintenance and repairs (3) Capital investment From February 2009 09年2月→10年2月 February 2010 through ▲ 40 From May 1997 97年5月~ 70 From October 2007 07年10月→09年2月 February 2009 through From February 1991 91年2月~ From January 2002 02年1月→07年10月 October 2007 through ▲ 30 From June 1985 85年6月~ This 今回time Research and development From February 1980 80年2月~ 80 Steel industry 鉄鋼業 Chemical 化学工業industry Electric machinery industry 電気機械工業 Electronic components and devices industry 電子部品・デバイス工業 General machinery 一般機械工業 Transport machinery 輸送機械工業 Other industries その他工業 Manufacturing industries 製造工業 ▲ 20 From January 1977 77年1月~ From November 2000 00年11月→02年1月 January 2002 through Recession period 景気後退期 90 General machinery ▲ 10 From 1990s 90年代以降 onwards Rationalization / labor saving 100 New products / product sophistication The current recovery of output has been brought about as a result of the effects of economic measures and is also sustained by strong demand in China and other Asian nations. Comparison with previous economic recovery periods by industry demonstrates that the current increase in production is being lead by transport machinery. (Chart 1-2) 10 110 From October 1993 93年10月→97年4月 April 1997 through (2) Trends by industry Electronic components and devices Capacity expansion Since fiscal 2009, the output of manufacturing industries has been recovering, although it still remains lower than the previous economic troughs, being up to the level equivalent to 85% of the peak period in 2007 (the peak of the economic boom). (Chart 1-1) 20 1980s 80年代 (1) Production machinery From February 1991 91年2月→93年10月 through October 1993 Chapter 1: Status of Manufacturing Industries in Japan in correlation with changes in domestic and overseas economies 60 4.5 50 40 0.60 4.0 0.50 30 20 0.40 3.5 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Active job opening to applicant ratio (left scale) 有効求人倍率(左目盛り) Unemployment rate (right scale) 完全失業率(右目盛り) 09 10 (Year) (年) Note: Seasonally adjusted value Source: “Labour Force Survey,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; " Employment Statistics,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 10 0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 Source: “Survey on Labour Economy Trends,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 07 08 09 (Year) ( 年) 1 [ Chart 2-1 Nominal GDP share of world’s major regions ] (%) 80 Chapter 2: Challenges and Prospects facing Japan’s Monodzukuri industries Developed 先進国 nations 70 - Restructuring the business strategy in Monodzukuri industries in Japan in order to respond to international structural changes 60 EU EU 46% 40 Having gone through the Lehman shock, on-going environmental changes facing the manufacturing industries in Japan since the beginning of this century have become evident. 2015年(予測) 2015 (forecast) 47% 55% Product 製品開発 development 24% 応用設計 Applied design 32% South 韓国 China 中国 ASEAN ASEAN 41% 40% 13% Awareness of competitors low and few measures being taken 同業他社の意識が低く対応が進まない 6% Lack of progress in coordination with industry groups 業界団体等との意見調整が進まない 5% Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (January 2010) [ Chart 2-7 Initiatives to make the best use of technological capabilities to raise revenues ] (1) Take advantage of coordination capabilities between domestic supply chains In cooperation with partner companies, core components, such as engines, that affect Present performance and emissions performance and fuel efficiency, are being produced 現在 domestically on an exclusive basis. Body assembly is done in areas where there exists a Five years from now 5年後 40% large demand. (Komatsu Ltd. ) Basic design 基本設計 35% (2) Strengthen services and other downstream businesses 34% In order to expand and strengthen the services and operation Chart 2-4 Biggest competitors in emerging markets ] business concerning its motor business, the company set up South Korea / United services stations in various parts of the world. China, EU, Japan, (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.) Taiwan, States, 26% 15% 29% (3) Innovative measures to increase the appeal of products to raise their value 18% 6% Retail sales with counseling services facilitates gaining the understanding of (n=896) consumers and, at the same time, establishes itself as a luxury brand. Other emerging nations 6% (Shiseido Co., Ltd.) Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ergonomics is introduced into machine tools to enhance the operability and (January 2010) visibility. Yamazaki Mazak Corporation) 15% 11% 7% Basic research 基礎研究 [ Japan 日本 Lack of information about standards 標準等に関する情報が手に入らない 43% 35% 30% 26% EU EU Cost effectiveness is unclear, which discourages initiatives 費用対効果が明確でなく積極的に取り組めない 《減少上位3位》 on the decrease > Processing technology US 米国 Source: “RIETI-TID 2009” Korea Export Specialization Index: (exports – imports of intermediate goods) / (exports + imports of intermediate goods) Lack of personnel who are familiar with standards 標準等に精通した人材が不足している Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry < Top three (3) activities (January 2010) 加工技術 -0.25 [ Chart 2-6 Challenges in applying the international standards ] 68% 5% 10% 18% Applied 応用研究 research Five years ago 5年前 [ Chart 2-5 Outflow pathway of technologies and, of these, the demographic outflow pathways through people ] 31% Japanese employees (regular employees) 日本人の従業員(正規社員) 10% 5% Japanese employees (non-regular employees) 日本人の従業員(非正規社員) 0% 39% Leakage through people 人を通じた流出 49% Japanese employees retired 30% 日本人の退職者 12% 1% Local employees (regular employees) 現地人の従業員(正規社員) 31% 49% Leakage through products 2% 製品等を通じた流出 Local現地人の従業員(非正規社員) employees (non-regular employees) 12% 57% Local employees retired 0% 現地人の退職者 24% Leakage through technical data 技術データを通じた流出 国内拠点 16% Domestic base 3% Employees of合弁・提携先企業の従業員 joint venture/partner companies 国内拠点base 12% (e.g., drawings and manufacturing data) Domestic 19% Overseas 海外拠点base (図面・製造データ等) 18% Overseas Employees of customer companies 海外拠点 base 取引先の従業員 15% Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (January 2010) [ Chart 2-8 Changes in parties who exert influence in the transaction structure ] Existing automobiles (transport equipment) n=68 既存自動車(輸送用機械器具) n=68 (%) 60 Next-generation automobiles (hybrid cars, electric cars, fuel cell cars) n=128 n=128 次世代自動車(ハイブリッド車、電気自動車、燃料電池車) 40 Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (January 2010) 20 [ Chart 2-10 Changes in investment for the purposes of responding to environmental constraints ] (investment in fiscal 2009 (compared 0 20 40to fiscal 60 2008)) 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 (%) 100 (%) Total capital 設備投資全体 investment (n=3,267) (n=3,267) 環境制約への対応に係る Total investment for responding to environmental constraints (n=1,400) 投資額全体(n=1,400) メ ー カ ー 中 核 部 品 そ メ の ー 他 カ ー部 品 素 カ 材 ー メ ー 原 材 業 料 者 流 通 製 品 者流 通 業 Others 最 終 製 品 Product distributors メ ー カ ー Raw materials distributors ←increased 増加 変化なし 減少 → no change decreased Materials manufacturers 0 Other parts manufacturers With economic developments in emerging nations, it is expected that the world consumption of resources and energy will further increase and that, at the same time, constraints will become more stringent in order to contain global warming. Against this background, manufacturing companies in Japan intend to reduce overall investment, partly due to the effects of global recession, while maintaining and increasing investment for the purposes of responding to environmental constraints. (Chart 2-10, 2-11) Also, while not a few companies are of the opinion that environmental constraints would raise their competitiveness, many companies, including small and medium-sized enterprises, recognize that environmental constraints pose a risk to their business management. 2008年 2008 -0.2 《増加上位3位》 on the increase > Core parts suppliers (4) Manufacturing industries in Japan are required to deal with resource and environmental constraints 中国除アジア主要国 Major Asian nations, excluding China ロシア China Russia 中国 ブラジル Brazil 2000年 2000 End-product manufacturers Initiatives with a focus on keeping the core technologies are important in order to take the initiative in next-generation industries. (Chart 2-8) In this context, it is important that companies should formulate a research and development strategy in reference to a medium-term outlook. (Chart 2-9) It is also important to create an environment that would allow development of next-generation industries ahead of the rest of the world, including a scheme of financial assistance for next-generation industries and a program of demonstration experiments. Japan 日本 [ Chart 2-3 Development and design activities being carried out at the local base ] < Top three (3) activities (2) Restructuring of the manufacturing (monodzukuri) structure in Japan in order to respond to changes in global markets (3) Initiatives by manufacturing industries with a view to adapting to change and developing next-generation industries -0.1 -0.15 Source: “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010” on a US$ basis, IMF Major Asian nations/regions excluding China refer to: ASEAN, India, South Korea and Taiwan. • On the other hand, with regard to the intermediate goods for which Japan is said to keep a strong competitive edge, South Korea and China have gradually been raising their competitiveness. As a result of the progress in global supply chains, Japan’s “edge” is being threatened. (Chart 2-2) In the light of these environmental changes, restructuring of business strategy is called for, in order to win the demand from new growing markets in emerging nations and, at the same time, to maintain and strengthen manufacturing industries in Japan as supply bases for sophisticated parts and products by making the best use of its advanced manufacturing (monodzukuri) capability. Vis-à-vis growing emerging markets, Japanese companies intend to promote localization of product development and applied design (model changes). (Chart 2-3) It is important to establish a structure to supply products whose value and price will meet the needs of markets, including coordination with local companies in terms of procurement and the use of sales networks. The main competitors for Japanese companies in emerging markets are companies from China, South Korea and Taiwan, which are increasing their roles. At the same time, competition among Japanese companies is still going on while overseas companies are raising their competitiveness through restructuring measures. (Chart 2-4) In order to add value by making the best use of technological capabilities, it is necessary for companies to ensure the superiority of their own technologies. However, there are many cases of technology leakage, not only through products but also through people, such as employees and retirees. (Chart 2-5) Education and training of human resources is also necessary to apply the standards. (Chart 2-6) In order for manufacturing industries in Japan to remain as supply bases of sophisticated parts and products, it is essential to raise the competitiveness of their location and take advantage of the strength of domestic bases in terms of preventing technology leakage and ensuring coordination, as well as to take various innovative measures to expand the range of income sources, including services, and to increase the appeal of products to raise their value so as not to be trapped in the price competition. (Chart 2-7) In monodzukuri industries based on domestic tradition and cultures,, such as traditional crafts, efforts are urgently required to develop international markets to expand their reach, to promote their branding, and to secure and educate successors. 0 Other 0 2008年 -0.05 その他地域 regions 10 2000年 0.2 1990年 0.05 28% United 米国 States 20 • While markets in developed nations become mature, emerging nations have increased their shares of GDP and have also increased their role as both production bases and markets . (Chart 2-1) 0.25 0.1 38% Emerging 新興国等 nations 30 [ Chart 2-2 Changes in the export specialization index of intermediate goods ] 0.15 50 (1) Manufacturing industries in Japan face structural changes in the global economy 0.3 そ の 他 [ Chart 2-9 Example of initiatives undertaken with a view to taking the initiative in terms of core technology ] GS Yuasa Corporation has taken an active approach to the development of core technologies, including lithium-ion battery materials and structures, and to getting them patented. It has invested in a company established jointly with assembly manufacturers to produce lithium batteries for automobiles and has a 51% stake. Investment20%以上投資額が増加 has increased by more than 20% A 5-10% increase in investment 5~10%程度投資額が増加 A 5-10 decrease in investment 5~10%程度投資額が減少 Investment has decreased by more than 20% A 10-20% increase in investment 10~20%程度投資額が増加 No change in investment 5% 投資額に変化なし±5% A 10-20% decrease in investment 10~20%程度投資額が減少 20%以上投資額が減少 Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (December 2010) [ Chart 2-11 Improvement of energy and resources savings through cooperation between enterprises ] 19 companies involved in LCD panel production operate in Sharp Green Front Sakai at the factory of Sharp Corporation in Sakai City. Through the accumulation effect and coordination between enterprises, the use of energy as well as the production management information within the complex has been centralized, thereby increasing its efficiency. 2 [ Chart 3-1 Environmental changes from 3 years ago to date ] Chapter 3: Employment strategy and development of human resources for sustainable recovery 0% 20% Product prices have gone down 製品の価格が下がっている With regard to specific challenges facing enterprises in Japan, a great number of enterprises pointed out that “product prices have gone down” compared to three years ago, that “competition in terms of product quality has intensified,” and that “the needs of customers have diversified.” It is evident that they find themselves in a difficult situation where, while product prices have dropped, quality competition has become more severe. (Chart 3-1) At the top of the list of factors to be evaluated in comparison with other enterprises of the same size in the same industry are those relevant to the improvement and the exercise of capabilities of skilled workers, such as flexibility to meet detailed specific conditions set by the order, product quality, and the quality of skilled workers. (Chart 3-2) Competition in terms of product quality has intensified Technological innovation has 技術革新のスピードが速まっている The skill level companies expect from skilled workers is high. At the moment, 40 – 50% of enterprises evaluate that the capabilities of these workers have not reached a satisfactory level. (Chart 3-4) In terms of the knowledge and skills companies expect from skilled workers, individual skills in individual fields are not sufficient. Capabilities to manage the whole production line, including knowledge and skills to rationalize the production process, are valued. (Chart 3-5) In terms of initiatives being undertaken for the purposes of developing the capabilities of skilled workers, focus is placed on “encouraging improvement and suggestions” concerning the production line and “technical education” in many cases, demonstrating high expectations in these areas. (Chart 3-6) With regard to the use of non-regular skilled workers, up to 30% of enterprises make efforts in terms of their job placement and terms and conditions by, for example, assigning a job according to their capabilities and offering terms and conditions according to their work to be done. However, only a few enterprises provide these workers with mid- to long-term career prospects. (Chart 3-7) It is therefore necessary to develop career prospects for overall non-regular workers from a mid- to long-term perspective by appropriately evaluating their vocational capabilities and by making use of their capabilities for as long as possible. (3) Skill development measures related to monodzukuri Public job training programs are designed to provide training aimed at developing and training highly skilled workers who may become core human resources in monodzukuri industries in the future and training for the existing workers to respond to new technologies and improve the production process. The skills test is a national certification program to test and certify skills of workers on certain criteria. It is designed to motivate workers, including monodzukuri workers, to acquire skills and has contributed to improving the stoical status of workers. The “job card system” has been launched to help “freeters” and those who have little experience of working as full-time workers to raise their awareness through comprehensive career counseling, identify the issues they face, and find fulltime employment, by providing these people with an opportunity for practical vocational training comprising job training at companies and lectures as well as by summarizing evaluations from companies and their job experiences in a job card. Efforts will be made to further promote the system in monodzukuri and other areas. Other programs include the introduction of the National Skills Competition to raise the social awareness of skilled workers by fostering an atmosphere of respect for skilled workers. (Chart 3-8) 無 0% Managers/supervisors 管理・監督担当者 20% 13.4 40% 60% 37.0 53.9 Technically skilled workers 技術者的技能者 14.7 49.0 Highly skilled workers 高度熟練技能者 19.4 42.4 33.0 答 Excellent 優れている Slightly inferior やや劣っている 100% Not necessary in general 元々必要ない 20% 39.4 Cross-trained 多能工 workers 43.0 20 40 Operation of the measurement system 計測システムのオペレーション Others その他 29.4 27.8 41.4 100% 10.9 39.9 8.7 36.4 10.0 36.8 31.5 61.7 65.8 Technical education 12.3 製造現場での小集団活動・QCサークル Encouraging small group activities/QC circles at等の奨励 production site Encouraging exchange of views and opinions 技能系正社員と技術スタッフとの意見交 as well as cooperation between 換や協働体制の奨励 regular technical employees and technical staff 8.0 0.3 46.6 50.5 41.2 52.1 35.9 Promotion of manuals and digitization of skills 技能のマニュアル化・デジタル化の推進 0.8 20 40 36.6 労働条件に関して、働きに Offering terms and conditions according to their work 応じた処遇を心がけている (%) 100 66.0 61.4 技能系正社員に対する技術教育 for regular technical employees 21.2 10.5 8.9 Slightly 期待する水準に比べてやや高い higher than expected Encouraging improvement and suggestions 能力に応じて仕事を Assigning a job according to their capabilities 与えるなど工夫している 56.8 22.5 34.2 13.6 34.8 (%) Initiatives currently being undertaken 現在実施している取組 Initiatives on which a greater emphasis will be 今後3年間で強化したい取組 placed in the next three years [ Figure 3-8 National Skills Competition 2008 ] 33.0 Encouraging them to participate 職場の小集団活動やQC in small group activities and QC circles サークルなどに参加させている at production site 21.1 担当する業務を一定の Restricting their assignment only up to a certain extent 範囲に制限している 21.0 Placing an emphasis on implementation of 教育訓練の実施や、実施の education and training programs, and 支援に力をいれている assisting the implementation of such programs 17.7 Keeping the number of these workers only 人数を一定以下に抑えている up to a certain level 14.9 Placing an emphasis on 中長期的なキャリア形成や developing mid- to long-term career prospects, 支援に力を入れている and assisting their career development 4.8 0.4 There are no qualified現在、該当者がいない personnel at the moment 活用にあたって特に No specific issues are being taken into consideration in心がけている点はない the use of these workers 80% No response 無回答 設計・開発業務に技能系正社員を参加さ Participation of regular technical employees in designing and developing activities せている [ Chart 3-7 Issues being considered in the use of Seminars for regular technical employees non regular technical workers at manufacturing site 技能系正社員に発想力などをテーマとし to stimulate their imagination た講習会などを実施 (multiple answers) ] Others その他 60% 技能系正社員による改善・提案の奨励 by regular technical employees 26.7 0 Standard 普通 No response 無 回 答 [ Chart 3-6 Initiatives for the purposes of developing capabilities (multiple answers) ] 0 20 40 60 80 53.8 Knowledge and skills 設備の保全や改善の知識・技能 to maintain and improve equipment Skills to自動機の段取り替えをする技能 set up changes of automatic machine 25.1 Moreほぼ期待する水準に達している or less what is expected The level is slightly lower than expected 期待する水準に比べてやや低い Lower than expected There are no qualified personnel 期待する水準に比べて低い 該当者がいない 60 (%) Knowledge and skills 生産工程を合理化する知識・技能 to rationalize the production process Programming of NC machinery and MC NC機やMCのプログラミング 22.4 45.8 41.2 Higher than expected 期待する水準に比べて高い Knowledge and skills組立て・調整の技能 to assemble and adjust 17.7 40% 管理・監督担当者 Managers/supervisors Highly skilled workers 高度熟練技能者 [ Chart 3-5 Knowledge and skills expected from skilled workers (multiple answers) ] Knowledge and skills to 単独で多工程を処理する技能 process multiple production stages individually 46.9 28.6 In excess 過剰 Knowledge and skills concerning 22.6 20.0 30.7 適切である Appropriate 品質管理や検査・試験の知識・技能 quality management, inspection and test 39.2 [ Chart 3-4 Evaluation of the average level of skill of technical employees ] やや不足 Slightly insufficient 高度に卓越した熟練技能 Outstanding high skills 22.5 27.5 45.7 0 36.1 Fairly excellent やや優れている Inferior 劣っている Technically skilled workers 技術者的技能者 不足 Insufficient Slightly in excess やや過剰 No response 無回答 30.1 38.1 0% 13.8 45.5 機械・生産設備 Machinery and production equipment マーケティング・販売体制 Marketing/sales structure 80% 20.0 38.3 コストの低さ Low cost 40.7 Cross-trained多能工 workers 19.6 製品開発の能力 Product development capability 回 50.2 37.5 No response 当てはまらない 23.7 技能者の質 Quality of skilled workers Neither どちらとも言えない Disagree 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Short納期の短さ delivery time [ Chart 3-3 Current shortage of technical employees ] (2) Capabilities to be expected from monodzukuri workers and development of human resources The majority of enterprises feel the number of managers/supervisors, cross-trained workers, technically skilled workers and highly skilled workers is insufficient. (Chart 3-3) 35.3 Agree 当てはまる Strongly agree ある程度当てはまる あまり当てはまらない 25.6 24.0 become shorter Flexibility to meet detailed specific conditions set 発注者の条件に応じる融通性 by the order 22.6 40.3 The life cycle of products has 製品のライフサイクルが短くなっている 0% 製品の品質 Product quality 42.4 22.1 speeded up 100% 37.9 25.6 diversified 80% 31.1 36.9 The needs of customers have 顧客のニーズが多様化している Do not really agree 60% 55.4 製品の品質をめぐる競争が激しくなっている (1) Environmental changes facing monodzukuri industries 40% [ Chart 3-2 Evaluation in comparison with other enterprises of the same size in the same industry ] 27.5 3.2 [ Participant in the competition (automotive sheet metal job) ] Source for Charts 3-1 to 3-7: The Survey on the Human Resource Development and Succession of Skills (2009), The Japan Institute for Labour Policy 3 [ Chart 4-1 Unemployment rate among young people and changes in rates of irregular employment (by age group) ] (%) (2) Ongoing monodzukuri education initiatives Educational programs on monodzukuri are included in the subjects taught at elementary schools, junior and senior high schools, and schools for special needs education.Vocational experience programs are carried out especially at junior high school. Education on scientific technologies and mathematics has been strengthened in the school curriculum. For example, personnel supporting the observation and experiment activities in an elementary school’s science class are assigned to schools. Curriculum development focused on science and mathmonkaematics is promoted at senior high schools. (Chart 4-4) Specialized vocational high schools support unique educational programs developed in coordination with universities and research institutions and carry out practical programs to develop monodzukuri human resources in cooperation with local industries. Colleges of Technology carry out practical and creative programs focused on experiments and practical training in the five-consecutive-year curriculum. (Chart 4-5) Specialized training colleges implement practical vocational education programs in cooperation with local industries in order to develop human resources that could underpin local industries. The core curricula are being formulated/considered in order to structure educational programs at university and to ensure the quality as well as the international applicability of these programs. Measures to develop the competency necessary for technical workers and programs to ensure the quality of these technical workers are also being considered. (3) Progress in consideration of career education and vocational education The Special Committee for Career Education and Vocational Education set up by the Central Council for Education considered possible forms of career education and vocational education to be implemented at schools in the future. In the Council’s progress report compiled in July 2009, the following three (3) issues were identified as the basic direction of reforms: (1) in order to acquire the capabilities necessary for social and vocational independence, from the standpoint of career education, substantial improvement should be made in education in a systematic manner covering everything from compulsory education through higher education; (2) organize vocational education in a systematic manner and, at the same time, increase the applicability of such education; and (3) in order to make it possible to improve vocational competency and to make a career change at any time, enhance and improve programs to support career development from the viewpoint of lifelong learning. (4) Research and development of monodzukuri basic technologies In order to achieve innovation based on monodzukuri, it is important to carry out research and development of value creating monodzukuri basic technologies unique to Japan, through research and development of advanced measurement and analysis technologies/equipment and highly accurate simulation technologies, as well as by developing and making use of a large scale cutting-edge research and development infrastructure. (Chart 4-6) 40 15-24 y ears of age Unemployment rate (line graph) (1) Social changes and the importance of career and vocational education Difficulties facing young people in making a smooth transition from school to becoming a member of society/taking up employment have become clear, including high unemployment among young people, an increase in the number of people in irregular employment, and lack of progress in bringing down the early job-leaving rate. (Chart 4-1) New graduates will subsequently have fewer opportunities to develop their vocational capabilities once they have taken up irregular employment and/or if they neither proceed to higher education nor find a job. More than 70% of companies also acknowledge the challenges they face in terms of human resource development. Support for life-long career development of adult professionals is an important issue to be addressed. Lack of awareness of vocational education has been pointed out as a problem across society. In the light of the circumstances in which today’s children and young people find themselves, it is necessary to raise awareness across society of vocational education. It has been pointed out that the level of basic skills of children and young people as professionals has lowered and that many of them are more likely to postpone the selection and the decision of their eventual style of life and work. (Chart 4-2) It is important to encourage the social and vocational independence of young people and, at the same time, to make use of available resources at individual schools to develop human resources corresponding to trends in both quality and quantity in monodzukuri areas. (Chart 4-3) (%) 12 35 25-34 y ears of age 10 35-44 y ears of age 30 15-24 y ears of age 25-34 y ears of age 8 All ages 25 6 20 15 4 10 2 5 0 Rate of irregular employment (bar graph) Chapter 4: Current state of, and challenges in relation to, the education, research and development to support the basis of monodzukuri 0 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 * The rate of irregular employment is the proportion of those employed on a non-full-time basis in non-agricultural workers (excluding executives). People of 15-24 years of age at school are excluded. Source: Unemployment rates are taken from the “Labour Force Survey,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau; rates of irregular employment are taken from the “special survey of the Labour Force Survey” (February survey) and the “Labour Force Survey (survey results)” (January – March survey), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau [ Chart 4-2 Reasons for going to university (depending on the time when consideration was given to future occupation) ] Want to do study which may be of some benefit to work in the future 81.2 75.3 Want to do technical research 71.3 75.8 79.7 81.2 [ Chart 4-3 Number of graduates employed by occupation (fiscal 2008) ] 92.6 94.0 73.5 75.6 Want to get broad knowledge 78.7 77.2 57.7 Want to get educational background at university Want to get qualification or accreditation 51.6 40.7 Am afraid of going out into society at once 32.0 Want to have free time 26.6 27.9 Recommended by teacher or family member While at elementary / junior high school 33.4 76.8 77.3 66.3 71.2 52.8 51.6 41.4 44.6 While at senior high school After being admitted to university Specialized University 大学 (engineering and Number of employed 就職者数 53,562 5,610 54,578 Number of workers 生産工程・ involved in production 労務作業者数 process/labor work 40,337 24 223 専門的・技術的 professional and 職業従事者数 technical workers 5,370 5,171 43,457 Proportion of workers 生産工程・ involved in production 労務作業者の割合 process/labor work 75.3% 0.4% 0.4% Proportion of 専門的技術的 professional and 職業従事者の割合 technical workers 10.0% 92.2% 79.6% Number of 51.6 52.6 36.6 Everyone goes to university 73.5 72.6 55.3 50.5 36.4 66.0 High school 高等学校 高等専門学校 (technical subjects) vocational high school (工業に関する学科) (工学関連学部) related departments) (%) Have not yet considered Source: ”2005 survey sponsored by the Ministry of Trade, Economy and Industry – Survey of University Students Looking Back at Their Post-High School Graduation Plans,” Benesse Educational Research and Development Center Source: “School Basic Survey”, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [ Chart 4-5 Specialized vocational high school robot contest (“Robo Con”) ] [ Chart 4-4 Example of monodzukuri practice as part of the subject “Industrial Arts and Home Making” ] [ Robots at contest ] [ Junior high school student seriously engaged in precision woodworking ] [ Chart 4-6 Development of a single particle analyzer ] [ Chart 4-7 Regions where the intelligent cluster creation project was implemented in fiscal 2009 ] The intelligent cluster creation project Central region of Hokkaido with Sapporo and its vicinities being at the centre [Life Sciences, Information and Telecommunications] Second term Global base creation oriented Hakodate region [Life Sciences] Whole regions in Nagano prefecture [Nanotech materials] (5) Promotion of research and development based on collaboration between government, industry and academia Measures are being undertaken to ensure that the results of research at universities are made use of in society in practical ways, through support for industry-academia joint research programs and increased cooperation between government, industry and academia at university. The creation of “Knowledge Clusters” with universities and other public research institutions at the centre is being promoted in order to ensure that research and development activities correspond to the needs of companies and to achieve advancement of local industries and development of new products. (Chart 4-7) Yamaguchi region Toyama / Ishikawa region [Life Sciences] [Nanotech materials, environment] Wide area in Sendai region [Life Sciences, Information and Telecommunications] Wide areas in Kansai region Fukuoka / Kitakyushu / Iizuka region [Life sciences] Hamamatsu region in Shizuoka prefecture [Telecommunications] [Life Sciences, Information and Telecommunications, nanotech materials] Wide areas in Tokai region [Nanotech materials, environment] Kurume region [Life sciences] Tokushima region [Life sciences] Kyoto and Keihanna Gakken region [Nanotech materials, environment] [ Single particle analyzer ] Source: Survey by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 4